PLATE 41.
Vol. 11.
PLATS 42.
Vol. 11.
EOCKAWAY,   WITH   TURN-OVER   S E A T . —
Designed expressly for the New  York Coach-maker's Magazine.
Explained on page 169.
 i n . sc al
PLATE 43.
Vol. 11.
STANDING-TOP    PIANO-BOX   BUGGY. —£ in. scale.
Designed expressly for  the New  York Coach-maker's Magazine.
Explained on page 169.
PLATE 44.
Vol. 11.
PIANO-BOX   ROAD   B U G G Y. — £ in. scale
Designed expressly for the New  York Coach-maker's Magazine.
Explained on page 169.
COAL-BOX   ROAD   BUGGY. — \  in.   scale
Designed expressly for the New  York Coach-maker's Magazine.
Explained on page 169.
DEVOTED	TO	THE	LITERARY,	SOCIAL,   AND	MECHAN	ICAL   IN	TERESTS	OF	THE	CRA	FT.
Vol.   XI.				W   YORK,	APRIL,	1870.				ISTo.	11.
TREATISE ON THE WOOD-WORK OF CAR-
RIAGES.
( Continued from page 140.)
Having the two projections {I u o, V O') above the
molding of the rounding, on plans P and Q, there will
be no difficulty in constructing the projection of this mold-
ing on plan R. The two extremities Z, and oi of its farthest
extension having already been marked down on this plan,
it is sufficient to construct the projection of an interme-
diate point, so as to allow the tracing of the whole line.
We take this intermediate point in the middle of the
angle formed by the line, and this angle being perceivably
projected in all its extensions on plan P, we find the posi-
tion of the point at u on this plan ;. then carry through pro-
jection u a perpendicular to X Y, prolonged on the verti-
cal plan to reach u1 o\\ line V O'; this point it7 is the pro-
jection of the desired point on plan Q. Carrying next
through this newly obtained projection a horizontal line,
u u, we note on it the distance uo u of plan P, com-
mencing from Y7 Y to ui; this last point is the projection
sought. Joining lt, «„ o,, line l1} uu ox we obtain on plan R
the extreme circuit of the rounding. Finally, we draw
this line parallel to the first, projecting its height, as
found on plan Q.
The lines of plans, P, Q, and R, give the projections
of all points of the body, from below, the side and be-
hind ; and there is not a single point of any projecting
part of the body, the exact position of which could not
be ascertained in the manner we have shown with point
(u, uJy Ui), line O'K7 on the vertical plan, and line U Jt
on the anxiliary plan, give us, also, the appearance of the
circuit of the round seat on these two plans.
In practicing, it is not necessary to find out for a
phaeton body all the projections of different points on the
horizontal and auxiliary plans, as we have done here. All
that is necessary are projections I u o,j v k, of the round
seat of plan P, and hjl Ub^cx of plan R. But as our fore-
going explanations, from No. 38 to No. 62, were intended
to give a full treatise of the body, it was required to dem-
onstrate on every plan of projection all points visible to
the eye, together with their construction.
Vol. XL—21
LXIII. As we have now represented on Fig. 47 all the
projecting points formed by the intersection of a phaeton
body in perspective, as given on Fig. 28, we can easily
explain the rules for, and the mode of, proceeding in
the system of projections for designating a point, a line,
or a surface, of which manner we have already given an
abstract in Art. LX.
Let us consider any point of the body; for example,
point B, situated at the solid angle of the three sides, L,
M, N, of Fig. 28 (page 82). Here point B indicates per-
fectly the solid angle required, and there can be no mis-
take for another point, the figure being perspective. But
in the three plans of Fig. 47 there is no point, taken
singly, which indicates the same angle. In order to deter-
mine this point, it requires two plans of projection,
which give two separate and distinct positions of the same
point. Accorded that point, hx is pne of the projections
of this point on the vertical plan ; we further find that
this point b'indicates on this plan the exterior intersec-
tion of the top and hind side of the body, such as shown
by plans P and R at bo b and j11 bx; consequently all the
points making out this line will project on the vertical
plan at b', which latter point for itself determines no cer-
tain point. But adding now to the vertical projection b'
the horizontal projection b, the proposed point is perfectly
stated ; in fact, distance bo b of the vertical plan in the
horizontal projection, gives the distance of the point in
the middle of the body; the same the height bo b'of the
horizontal plan, in vertical projection, gives the elevation
of the point on top of box on the horizontal plan. Or,
in other words, the point sought is at the intersection of
two parallels, run on each plan P and Q through projec-
tions b and b' (Art.45); the first, even to bo b', the other,
to bo b ; and, therefore, there are more than two perpen-
diculars found on the plan at point B of Fig. 28, deter-
mined perfectly on Fig. 47, by its two projections, b and
b'. That is why it is expressed on those plans by nota-
tion (b b'), or (b bi), if we want to express the point on
the plans Q and R.
We remark here, that the projections of any point
(b b1) to be determined, are always connected by a straight
line (b bo b;), perpendicular to the common intersection,
X Y, of the two plans of projection.
The same mode is applicable to a line as well as to a
point; for example, the outside line, B C of Fig. 28.
Here the intersection of the sides, L and N, is not stated
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THE    NEW    YORK    COACH-MAKER'S    MAGAZINE.
April.
by the vertical projection h1C, Fig. 47. In fact, this line
(B C) projects on the vertical plan as the whole hind side
of the body, so that any line at all which we would draw
on this side would follow the projection of b/ c'; or, in
other words, no settled projection. When we now add
to the projection b! c1, of the vertical plan,the projections
b c and 6, cx of plans P and R, the course of line B C of
Fig. 28 will be perfectly given on Fig 47. On the two
plans, P and Q, this is marked by b c, b' c\ and on plan Q
and R by b' c1, bx cx.
The same demonstrations are also applicable to any
surface. Surface L of Fig. 28 is not fully laid out on
Fig. 47, by the vertical projection aJ b1 c' d'\ in fact, the
contents of this figure, taken singly, express on the plan
the projection of the whole space of the box. But adding
to the vertical projection, aJ bJ cJ d\ another projection,
either of the horizontal plan a b c d, or of the auxiliary
plan Jj c,, we obtain surface L of Fig. 28 perfectly deter-
mined on our Fig. 47. This is given on the two plans, P
and Q, by the letters a b c d, a'b' c' d', and on plans Q
and R by a' b' c'd/and bx clm
Still, in many positions, a point, a line, or a surface,
can be sufficiently determined by one of their projections
only. The points, lines, and surfaces, on which we have
treated in the foregoing, give us a proof for this in their
projection on the horizontal plan, because on this plan the
projections are shown in their last state,, and cannot serve
for finding other projections of the box. Nevertheless, it
is always better to put down every projection on two
plans, first to avoid confusion, and next so as not to make
an exception to the rule.
(To be continued.)
GEOMETRICAL EXERCISE.
BY   P.   B.   J.
A knowledge of geometry is so essential to the prac-
tical coachmaker, that it would seem surprising that so
little has been done toward rendering that science a pop-
ular study with them. It is scarcely becoming in a writer
on the same subject, to censure his predecessors on ac-
count of the inadequacy of their works to effect emula-
tion among the artisans of our trade; nor, do I think
that preceding writers deserve censure, for their object
has not been so much to facilitate the acquisition of a
course of problems which may be required in the practice
of our particular trade, as to create a spirit of philosoph-
ical inquiry, and make a race of speculative geometricians.
However, so far as my limited acquaintance with the
employments which require the aid of geometrical knowl-
edge qualifies me for the task, I shall gladly contribute
to my country's welfare, in the preparation of a few
problems for the use of my fellow craftsmen. 1 had, in-
deed, some time ago, projected a course, commencing
with the first principles of science, and the rudiments of
lineal drawing, and had collected a large stock of materials
for the purpose of illustration; but, finding a similar
undertaking, translated from the French, and feeling as-
sured of the author's extensive learning, as a geometrician,
I am satisfied to give the task into other hands. My de-
termination not to trespass upon the rights of the gentle-
man, however, does not forbid my entering upon geome-
try, as used in our every day practice.
This branch has scarcely been noticed, with any special
object in view, except so far as the French or more prop-
erly the Square Rule, is concerned. I shall therefore (as
heretofore, in one or two illustrations) endeavor to place
geometry in so familiar a point of view, as to be easily
apprehended by those whose minds have not been very
long initiated in such pursuits. Such is my aim : how far
I succeed is not for me to even guess : all I can say is,
that 1 have intended well.
I shall close the present paper by remarking, that
another grand object which will be attained by exercises
of this kind, is, that it will enable carriagernakers to
read philosophical works with greater ease and pleasure,
by giving them some idea of equation.
Our first proposition will be—From any point in a
given line, to draw a line
that shall be square to a
given line, from any point
in that line—Let A B,
be the given line, and B
the point from which we
wish to draw a line square
to it, without the use of
the square or mitre level.
To begin, draw any line,
as B C, from the given
point B, making any
angle with A B, and cen-
ter, C; next describe a circle, A B D, cutting ABin A;
then through A and C draw a line, until it cuts the circle
in the point, D, joining D B ; then D B will be perpen-
dicular or square to A B, and drawn from the point B as
required. The angle, A B D, is a semicircle, of which A
D is the diameter, consequently the angle A B D is a
right angle.
Again, from any point above or beloiv a given  line  to
draw another line
which shall be per-
pendicular or square
D to it.—Let A B be
a given line, and D
a point above it. It
is required to draw
a line from the point,
D, that shall be per-
pendicular or square
to A B. From D,
draw any line, as D
A, to cut A B ; take
any distance as D C, on the line A D, and with that as
radius, describe a portion of a circle, as E F D, then
from E draw E F parallel to A B, and from where E F
cuts the circle in F, draw D F B, which will be square or
perpendicular to A B, as was required; for the angle, D
F E, is a light angle, and as E F is parallel to A B, the
angle D B A is equal to the angle D F E, or a right
angle. If we had made C D equal to half A D, we
should not have had to draw the parallel E F, for the
figure to the last problem shows that when C D is equal
to C A, the circle will pass through B ; but as we have
not yet shown the method of bisecting or dividing a line
into two equal parts, I will give a method independent of
this, in my next, which in many cases in real practice,
will be found useful to the workman. Again, if we had
taken C D greater than the half of A, the parallel E F
.A.
1870.
TPIE   NEW    YORK    COACH-MAKER'S    MAGAZINE
163
would have been below A B also. It will be remarked,
if the given point, D, had been below the line, A B, the
operation would have been just the same, only the figure
would have been reversed.
THE ADVENTURES OF THREE JOURS.
BY   H.   S.   WILLIAMS.
Chapter X.
The long, hot summer passed rapidly away, and the
cool nights of October followed. No frost had yet fallen,
and the gardens still presented an abundant supply of
vegetation, and the yards a gorgeous array of flowers.
Of all seasons, it is the most delightful at the South, for
the summer here is as tedious as the long, dreary winter
at the North, and one feels a sense of relief that is in it-
self a great pleasure, when the cool nights give token of
an early frost.
It was after midnight, yet Gloner was still sitting by
his table, deeply engaged in the middle of a ponderous
volume before him. So deeply was he absorbed, in fact,
that he failed to hear heavy and rapid footsteps on the
stairway, and it was not until the door was quickly opened,
and Loring entered the room, that he raised his eyes from
the page.
" What has brought you home at this time of night? "
he exclaimed, as Loring walked across the room, and
tossed his riding gloves and whip on a sofa, then, turning,
made the circuit of the room without speaking.
" You are excited, my dear boy; sit down; take a
cigar; compose yourself, and tell me what has happened.
Has the bonny Kate politely hinted that your visits were
no longer agreeable, or, without her saying so, have you
seen enough to convince you that there was a more favored
Richmond in the field'?" and, closing the book, he placed
it on the table, when, opening a cigar box, he pushed it
across to where Loring had now taken a seat.
" No, I want none! " exclaimed Loring, in a hoarse
.voice, as he waived away the proffered civility Avith a mo-
tion of the hand. " I am perfectly cool and self-possessed,
although I may appear excited—perhaps I was, an hour
ago, but the excitement has passed off now."
" Well, do tell me, what is the matter? " said Gloner,
lighting his cigar. " You see I am all attention—and im-
patience."
" A series of the most commonplace circumstances,"
continued Loring, " has involved me in a most serious dif
ficulty, which is to be settled this morning, at sunrise."
" You don't mean to say you are going to fight a
duel ? "
"Exactly ! this morning, at six o'clock, or before. It
is now quarter of one. I have rode ten miles in the last
hour and a half, and I've been in town for full fifteen min-
utes.    Of course, you know what I came for 1"
" Certainly ; but give me the particulars of the affair,
as explicitly, and, at the same time, as briefly as possible.
You surprised me so suddenly that I am slightly confused,
and this is a matter that requires a cool brain to think it
over."
" Well, it is at best a brief story. I reached Miss
Cornell's last evening—this is morning, now, remember
—about eight o'clock, and was somewhat surprised, not to
say chagrined, to find three gentlemen already there.   One
of them was young Ward—you have met him. The two
others were strangers to me, but I learned that their
names, as they were introduced, were Nelson and Masters.
You may not remember hearing them spoken off as old
admirers of Miss Corneil's, but I did, as soon as I learned
their names. I tried, however, to make myself as agree-
able as possible, but I quickly noted that both the last
named gentlemen treated me rather coolly, or, rather,
with a certain air of contempt, creating the impression
that they were far superior to me. But although, as you
are well aware, very sensitive on that point, yet, as Miss
Corneil showed a decided preference for me, I was very
well satisfied. About eleven o'clock we all took our
leave, and, as Mr. Ward gave me a cordial invitation to
pass the night with him, I assented. We mounted our
horses at about the same time, and as our road, part of
the way, lay in the same direction, we rode on together.
For a time the conversation was commonplace enough,
various topics were touched upon and disposed of in a few
words, until finally, I made an assertion that Nelson, as I
thought, very rudely dissented from. Of course, I replied
by presenting reasons and arguments for my views of the
subject, which caused him to reply still more rudely. We
had now reached a point where our roads separated, and
we all halted, while the dispute waxed warmer and more
bitter every moment. If the controversy had been con-
fined to its original subject, I do not think any difficulty
would have occurred; but somehow Masters brought in
Miss Corneil's name. I remember well the words; he
mentioned her name, and then, in a sneering tone, added,
" She evidently intends to outrival Lucretia Borgia, for
Lucretia had only five victims, while Loring is Miss Cor-
neil's sixth." It was both slanderous and insulting—
slanderous to her, insulting to me, and it was only from
the fact that we were on horseback, that kept me from
knocking him down, although it would have probably cost
me my life at the same moment, for both of them were
armed. I tried to choke down the rage that followed that
insult, and, before I could reply, Nelson, with a laugh, re-
plied :
" You are about right, Masters, but, in this last case,
it is Loring, here, who is deceiving, for, in order to get in
Miss Kate's good graces, he boldly asserts to her that he
is of a high and very wealthy family, only stooping to the
menial service of a hireling to please the fancy of a pass-
ing whim."
That was too much for a Quaker to stand, much less
one of my disposition, so, with a full knowledge of the
inevitable result, I spurred my horse a step nearer, and
standing in my stirrups, I coolly and most emphatically
replied:
" Now, Nelson, you are a coward, a slanderer, and a
liar—so take that," and I deliberately raised my riding
whip, and struck him fairly across the face.
I do not think they expected so decided an action on
my part, but, as you well know, there was but one course
left for Nelson, according to the rigid and inexorable
laws of custom, after such an insult, as he would term it,.,
from me. In ten minutes, the challenge was given through
Masters, I had accepted, and the arrangements were all
made through Ward on my part, who, at my request,
acted as your proxy in the matter, for, although I believe
he is a friend of mine, yet he is, I fear, too young for such
a serious and so responsible a position."
" What are your weapons 1"
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THE    NEW    YORK    COACH-MAKER'S    MAGAZINE
April,
" Pistols ! The distance is to be decided this morning,
after we get there. When we separated, Ward insisted
on my going home with him, and getting his dueling pis-
tols, which 1 did, and here they are. I think you will find
them in good order. He also gave me some valuable
hints, and, by what he said, I am confident they met at
Miss CorneiFs on purpose to insult me, although I do not
think they had any thoughts that it would terminate as it
did. They had no idea I would fight, but thought I would
take their insults tamely, when they could easily have
kept me from the neighborhood, and gained me every per-
son's contempt, by branding me as a coward."
" Is Nelson a good shot, or does not Ward know 1"
"I asked him, and he said he might be a good shot, but
not a sure one. I do not think he is any better than I am,
if as good. He has passed several years in Paris, and is
an expert swordsman, which, I doubt not, he would much
prefer to a pistol. But I must write two or three letters
and you can busy yourself with those pistols, so don't dis-
turb me for just one hour."
" What arrangements have you made for a physi-
cian ? " asked Gloner, after the hour had passed and the
letters were written.
" Young Ward attends to that. He will be on the
ground with one."
Just then the bell rang. " There are our horses. It
is now three o'clock. Take a flask of brandy, and put in
your pocket. I shall want a drink just before the ceremony,
and after, too, if I want any thing."
It was a half hour longer ere they got off, and then
they rode slowly and in silence. Just before reaching the
ground, Loring gave several directions, and mentioned
some things he wanted attended to, in case the worst should
happen, and then added, "Every thing else you will find
in a letter on the table in our room, directed to you. I
do not think you will ever read it, however, for, up to the
present time, I have had no serious fears of the result. I
am now as cool and self-possessed as I ever was, and I feel
none of that depression of spirits which generally fore-
bodes any coming evil with me."
The spot selected for the meeting was most gloriously
beautiful. Daylight was just beginning to break as they
reached it, and they both stopped to take a survey of the
scene. It had formerly been an avenue leading to a fine
country residence, but, as they afterward learned, the
house had been destroyed by fire some years before, and
the grounds had never been improved since. A thick
sward of Bermuda grass covered the old carriage road,
while, on either side, were huge oaks that linked their long
branches above, while here and there were a few scrawling
evergreens and rose bushes, that plainly told of neglected
years.
" No better place could have been selected for a meet-
ing like this," exclaimed Gloner, who now looked upon it
only with an eye to business.
" A splendid place, and, if I can be lucky enough to
win the choice of positions, I think we'll come out all right.
Ah, here comes Ward and your physician. Let's meet
them."
In a few minutes, Nelson, Masters, and their physician
also arrived, and Gloner, on being presented to Masters,
took him one side to decide the choice of position, dis-
tance, and other minor matters. In a few minutes he re-
turned, and exclaimed, in a low tone, " I am in luck, I have
the choice of position, and give the word to fire !    Here,
drink this brandy. Now keep perfectly cool, and fire
quick at the word. Be in a hurry ; I want it all over be-
fore sunrise."
Swallowing the stimulant, Loring took the position
designated by Gloner, and then, the distance being meas-
ured, his antagonist confronted him. The avenue ran
nearly east and west, and as the east was now all
aglow with light, Gloner's quick eye detected the vast ad-
vantage of a light background over a dark one, so he placed
Loring to the west, while Nelson was to the east, his whole
figure clearly defined.
" Stand with your right side to your opponent. Pre-
sent the smallest possible surface for a shot; beside, a
side shot is not so necessarily fatal as a front one. The
one will stand ten chances to glance over the other," and
then he added, in a whisper, " At the word ' three,' fire.
There's your pistol." Then stepping back, he exclaimed,
" Are you all ready % "
" Yes ! " replied Masters, " all ready."
What a scene was that for a moralist to muse over !
Two young men, who had never met but twice, and this
their second meeting—death to death. And then the sur-
roundings were so gloriously and grandly beautiful. The
noble old oaks, the rough, rambling hedge-rows between,
the scrambling rose bushes, on some of which a few flow-
ers yet bloomed, and then the numerous song birds that
warbled their morning hymns from every tree and bush,
and then the time, just at the birth of a new day, with
countless dew drops sparkling on the grass at their .feet,
and the air so cool, so sweet, and so refreshing, and yet
all to be marred by the shedding of human blood. No
wonder that Loring, as he took in this scene—perhaps for
the last time—sighed heavily, but then, grasping his pis-
tol, pressed his teeth firmly together, and his nerves be-
came as iron.
" One"—" Two "—" Th—"
Before the word was uttered, Nelson raised his pistol
and fired. Loring staggered slightly, but it was only for
a moment, then advancing a step, he cried, in a tone of
most supreme contempt, " Last night I called you a cow-
ard. You have proved its truth, and you would be a mur-
derer. I could now shoot you down like a dog, but I
would not have your paltry blood on my hands ! " and he
sent his bullet into the heart of a small tree to the right,
then turning toward his second, he fell to the ground.
"This is most outrageously dishonorable, Mr. Nelson.
I thought 1 was attending gentlemen. Mr. Masters, take
him away, and, my advice would be, to revisit Europe ! "
and Nelson's physician passed him by in scorn, and ad-
vanced to where Loring had fallen, where he stood and
looked on in respectful silence, while Gloner held Loring's
head in his lap, as his doctor, assisted by Ward, examined
the wound. The blood, and the hole in the lower part of
his vest, told where the ball had gone. " It can't be a
really fatal wound ! " exclaimed the doctor, as he tore and
cut away the clothing, " else he would have fallen imme-
diately, much less taken a step or two, talked a whole
breath, and fired his pistol. Ah, ha! just as I thought.
Ward, a flask of water and one of brandy, from my sad-
dle bags, and a couple of lemons. The ball has struck
pretty well front on the third rib there, and, glancing
downward, has ranged just under the skin across the ab-
domen, and lodged against the left hip ; there it is ; he'll
want to save that; so, Mr. Gloner, just keep it for him.
Now we'll bring him to," he added, as Ward handed him the
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165
water, brandy, and lemons, and, in another minute, his
patient opened his eyes and breathed quite heavily.
"This brandy, tinctured with lemon, will bring him
out all right. You see, it was not the loss of blood that
caused him to faint or swoon away, nor the pain alone,
but the latter with a very sudden and very deathly sick-
ness. As soon as I can dress this wound, he will be able
to stand up."
When the wound was dressed, and after Loring had
swallowed half a tumbler of brandy and water, he was
able to stand alone, and one of the first to seize his hand
was Nelson's physician, who exclaimed, " Your pardon,
Mr. Loring, for my consenting to serve your unworthy
opponent; but I thought him a gentleman. I was de-
ceived, however. You have my best wishes for your re-
covery !" And turning, he left them. On looking for
Nelson and his second, they had both disappeared.
" Now, Ward," cried the doctor, " go and bring your
buggy up. You see," he added, " we kept it hid from
view, as I did not want my patient here to think for a
moment that there would be any use for it on our side;"
and he smiled to think how providently he had conducted
his part of the programme.
The buggy soon arrived, a roomy physician's phaeton,
in which they assisted Loring, while Ward took a seat
beside him. Then the doctor poured out all the brandy
in his flask but about half a tumbler full, took a cup of
water, and, squeezing a lemon in it, poured the mixture in
the flask, and handing it to Loring, said, " If you feel faint,
sip this occasionally, it will strengthen you any way.
Now, Ward, drive slowly, and pick out the best road.
Of course, you will go to Miss Cornell's. She has got to
nurse you through this little affair, and you couldn't find
a better. Mr. Gloner and myself will ride on more rap-
idly, so as to prepare her for your arrival. Remember
my instructions, now;" and Ward drove slowly off.
" I know a nearer way than round the road," said the
doctor, as they mounted their horses, " so we'll beat them
half an hour. See, the sun is just rising. By Jove, but
this is a lovely scene. Look at that river, the sky, the
few brilliant clouds, these trees, and then this atmosphere ;
one can't take too much of it in his lungs. It is the healthy
season now. ' No malaria in this air, nor will there be
until after frost comes to kill vegetation, and then a rain
or two to cause them to decay. Poor Nelson ! how he
feels just about now,—the rascal, I can't help but pity
him for all. It will be years before we see him in this
neighborhood again, if ever. I never was engaged in a
little affair of honor that terminated so pleasantly as this ;
no one killed, and your friend, Mr. Loring, the accepted
lover of my bonny Kate. You see, I have heard of his
weakness in that way ; and, of course, if he has not already
proposed, he will before he leaves her house, and will be
accepted, too, even though at this moment she may not
care a snap of her finger for him. Like all your real wo-
men, Kate worships courage, admires magnanimity, and
opens her innermost heart to suffering, especially when
she is the cause of that suffering;" and the worthy doctor
run on in his rattling way until they entered the Corneil
plantation.
" We will enter this gate," he said, turning as he spoke,
and passing into an immense field of cotton. " By fol-
lowing these rows we will reach the turning row up yon-
der, when we will find a good path leading to the house.
It will save fifty—yes, seventy-five yards, and distance,
you see, is every thing with us physicians; it's what time
is with you artisans. By Jove ! there she is.now; just
as I expected, too. See her way up yonder, against the
woods. Why, your eyes ought to be better than mine,
especially when a young and pretty lady is to be seen.
You go up and tell her to come home, and I'll ride on to
the house, present my compliments to her aunt, and—
order breakfast for three more. This ride has given me
a marvelous appetite;" and he was off.
Miss Corneil did not seem to notice Gloner until he
had passed over half the distance, when, leaving the hands
she was instructing as to their day's work, she advanced
to meet him. When near enough to see who it was,
Gloner saw her color pass away ; then, with a touch of
the whip, she bounded to his side, and was the first to
speak. "What brings you so early?" she exclaimed,
quietly.    " Is any thing going to happen ?"
" Nothing is going to happen, nor nothing has hap-
pened to give you the least uneasiness. I was in hopes
that }rou was entirely ignorant of any cause for any thing
' happening,' but I see you anticipated a difficulty;" and
Gloner noticed with delight that the color was returning
to her cheeks.
" Yes, I dreaded a meeting, and passed a sleepless
night for thinking about it. I saw by Mr. Nelson's ex-
citement, and Mr. Masters' cool, sneering tone when they
left last night, that they were plotting revenge on Mr.
Loring; for, blind as I was, I treated them with coolness
during the evening, and Mr. Loring, with, perhaps, a little
too much preference.    But tell me, what has happened?"
" There was a duel, this morning, at sunrise, a mile
below here ;" answered Gloner, " the principals being Mr.
Loring and Mr. Nelson. The latter fired before the time,
and wounded Mr. Loring slightly in the side. Mr. Lor-
ing sent his ball in the trunk of a sapling near by, and is
now on his way to your house; so come on, and receive
him."
During the ride to the house Gloner explained every
thing connected with the affair, to which she listened with
marked attention, and then said, " Thank God! it was
not Masters who challenged him. Nelson, I know, is a
coward ; but Masters has a nerve of iron, and the heart of
a fiend on such an occasion. It was his intention to do
the fighting, but by some means Nelson blundered into it
by being too hasty; but it was a blessed blunder for—
us all." She almost said "we;" and that sentence told
that Loring already had possession of her heart.
Reaching the house, they were met on the piazza by
her aunt and the doctor, and the latter, coming toward
her, seized her hand, and exclaimed : " Ah, you little ras-
cal, you have no idea of the trouble you are to a neigh-
borhood—making two young fools get up before day, to
take a pop at one another, and rousing up an old man like
me to see if its well done. You little rogue, you. Come,
I'm terribly hungry ; so go and see about breakfast; then
come and make what reparation lies in your power for
your wickedness, by nursing your victim. But mind you,
now," and his voice changed from raillery to the firm
tones of authority—" not a word about love ; not one
word, for he can't bear the least excitement." Raising
the riding whip that she still held in her hand, she gave
the worthy doctor a smart cut across the shoulders, and
exclaimed: " I wish you to remember that you have a
hundred victims to my one, and yours are all dead; while
mine are------"
16G
THE   NEW   YORK    COACH-MAKER'S   MAGAZINE
April,
" Only heart-broken and perforated with pistol balls;
ah, ha !" and the doctor laughed heartily, as he stepped
back a pace or two to escape the whip, which was again
raised menacingly.
T                 T       •
J ust as Loring was safely stowed away on the sofa in*
the parlor, breakfast was announced. Miss Corneil, of
course, remained with the wounded man ; but her aunt
presided over the table, and a right royal feast they made
of it. The doctor was full of his talk. Gloner, assisted
by Ward, had to narrate the whole circumstances attend-
ing the duel, for the enlightenment of the aunt, and then
they discussed the whole matter, and finally wound up by
sending a special message to Miss Kate, with the assur-
ance that it was well worth fighting a duel at daylight,
just to get such a breakfast as she had served them.
Again examining the wound, and moistening the band-
ages with cold water, the doctor told Gloner when he
reached town, to send out twenty-five or thirty pounds of
ice, and promising to drop in toward night, he took his
departure.
An hour afterward, Gloner was galloping toward town
with a much lighter heart than when he passed over the
same road four or five hours before.
(To be concluded in our next.)
OUR GRECIAN CARRIAGE MUSEUM—VI.
Poets and historians of antiquity have left on record
glowing descriptions of the chariot races of Greece and
skinned charioteer, desirous of giving the celebrated phil-
osopher practical proof of his skill, in presence of a great
multitude, drove several times around the Academy with
such a steady rein, as to have left but one print of his
chariot wheels in the circle.
The pages of Homer present us with charming pic-
tures, in which chariots figure. One of the most interest-
ing of these, is that in which Nestor instructs Atilochus in
the art of driving. " One man," he tells us, " who is con-
fident in his steeds and chariot, turns imprudently hither
and thither over much ground, and his steeds wander
through the course, nor does he rein them in. But he, on
the contrary, who is acquainted with stratagem, though
driving inferior steeds, always looking at the goal, turns
it clear, nor does it escape him in what manner he may
first turn the course, with his leathern reins; but he holds
on steadily, and watches the one who is before him. But
I will show thee the goal, easily distinguished, nor shall I
escape thy notice. A piece of dry wood, as much as a
cubit, stands over the ground, either of oak or larch, which
is not rotted by rain."
The chariot which illustrates this article is of an ele-
gant pattern, and is highly ornamented. The winged fig-
ures painted on the front, supporting a wreath, or crown
of laurel, are splendidly executed and singularly appro-
priate. The wheels, with eight spokes, peculiarly shaped,
and the pole setting into a socket at one end, and term-
inating in a ram's head at the other, are worthy the study
of every lover of art, even in modern times.
GRECIAN  CHARIOT.
Rome. Even sacred writers have not hesitated to use
them figuratively, as illustrations in teaching some of the
most sublime and interesting truths in Christian theology.
These contests were looked upon as the most noble of an
enlightened age of the world, and a victory obtained at
one, second only to a victory in the field of battle. We
give an illustration of one of the racing chariots of Greece,
in connection with this article.
Those selected as charioteers were specially trained to
the business, under competent instructors. Historians
have named several individuals who have acquired honor
and fame, as experts. Plato mentions one Anniceius, a
native of Africa, who had acquired great dexterity in
driving his steeds  harnessed  to a chariot.    This dark-
Incipient Art.—The first invention of man to effect
transportation by mechanical means was the Wheel—that
is, a disk—held upright by a cross bar called the axletree.
Rude carts with two wheels were first constructed; and
these simple vehicles were drawn by the animals already
tamed, over the rough surface of the ground, which was
the primitive road-bed of man. Next, -wagons with four
wheels were devised, and roads were made by grading the
uneven surfaces; then springs were added to diminish the
jolt—an invention unknown to the Greeks and Romans ;
and, lastly, relays of horses and Macadam roads were
introduced, marking the higher development attainable
under the system that employs horse power and the earth
as a road bed.
1870.
THE   NEW    YORK    COACH-MAKER'S   MAGAZINE.
167
Dome CirtU.
A HAPPY HUSBAND.
BY   MRS.   EVA   ROSS.
"For heaven's sake, Emma, do be serious, if you can,
for five minutes. Pray, cease this trifling, which is but
cruel playing with my feelings, and let us treat this sub-
ject as it deserves, soberly and seriously."
"Well, there, then;" cried the laughing, black eyed
girl, to whom Henry Gale spoke; " there, then, is that
grave enough 1 See the corners of my mouth turned
down, and my eyes rolled up, and I am as sober as a pa-
tient who has caught sight of the dentist's instrument. Do
I suit you so ?"
" You suit me anyhow, and you know it well, you
witch !" cried Henry, gazing with a smile at the pretty
face puckered up in its affectation of demureness. But he
was not to be driven from his point. So he resumed,
gravely, after a pause : " That time has come, Emma,
when I have a right to demand an explicit answer to my
suit. You have trifled with my earnest feelings long
enough, and I have grown restless under my fetters."
" Shake them off, then, Henry ;" interrupted the saucy
girl, with a defiant toss of the head, which plainly said,
" I defy you to do it!"
" I cannot, Emma, and you know it;" replied the hap-
less lover.
" That being the case," said Emma, " take my advice
—wear them gracefully, and don't pull and jerk so; it
only makes them hurt you."
The young man turned away, and walked up and down
the room, evidently fretting and foaming internally.
Emma, meantime, looked out of the window, and
yawned. Henry continued his moody walk. " O ! what
a beautiful bird is on that lilac tree," cried Emma, sud-
denly ; " do come and see it." Henry approached the
window, and looked out. " Do you think, Henry," said
Emma, laying her hand on his arm, and looking up
eagerly in his face : " Don't you think you could manage
to—"
" What, Emma ?" asked Henry, all his tenderness
awakened by her manner.
" Drop a pinch of salt on his back," replied the pro-
voking girl, with an affectation of simplicity ; "for then,
you know, you could easily catch it."
Without answering, he turned angrily away. His
walk this time was longer than before, and his cogitations
were more earnest; for he did not heed any of Emma's
artfully artless devices to allure his notice; but at last,
turned about, and said :—" Emma, for three long years I
have been your suitor, without either confession of love or
promise of marriage on your part. Often as I have de-
manded to know your sentiments toward me, you have
always coquettishly refused me an answer. This state of
things must cease. I love you better than my life; but I
will no longer be your plaything. To-morrow you are
going away, to be absent for months, and if you cannot,
this very day, throw aside your coquetry, and give me an
honest ' yes' for my answer, I shall consider that I have
received a f no,'—and act accordingly."
" And how would that be, and what wTould you do ?"
asked Miss Emma, curiously.
" Begin by tearing your false and worthless image
from my heart;" cried Henry, furiously.
" It would be a rash piece of business, Henry ; and
you would not succeed, either ;" said Emma.
" I should, and would succeed ;" said Henry ; " as you
shall see, if you wish ; you cruel, heartless girl!"
" But /don't wish, Henry dear; I love dearly to have
you love me ;" said Emma.
" Why, then," cried the generous youth, quite won
over again—"why, then, dearest Emma, will you not
consent ?"
" Remember, I said I liked to be loved ;" replied Em-
ma ; " I did not say any thing about loving. But pray,
how long did you say you had been courting me, in that
pretty little speech of yours V
" Three long years;" replied Henry.
" Neatly and accurately quoted, Henry. But you
know my cousin Rachel was only won after eight years'
courtship. You don't suppose I am going to rate myself
any cheaper than she did, do you ? Suppose we drop this
tiresome subject for two years. Perhaps by that time I
may be able to work myself up to the falling-in-love point.
There is no knowing what wonders time may effect."
" If you are not in love now, you never will be ;" re-
turned Henry, sturdily ; " and / will have my answer now
or never."
" Never, then;" laughed Emma. But she had gone a
step too far. Her often severely tried lover was now too
much in earnest to bear her trifling any longer.
" Never be it, then ;" he cried ; and seizing his hat, he
strode from the room.
Emma listened to his receding footsteps with dismay.
Had she, indeed, by her incorrigible love of coquetry, lost
him ? It smote her to the soul to think so. As she heard
him open the front door, impelled by a feeling of despair,
she raised the window sash, and leaning forward, whis-
pered : " Henry, Henry ! you will be at the boat to-mor-
row to bid me good-bye, wont you 1 Surely, we are still
friends!"
As she spoke, she tore a rose from her bosom, and
threw it after him. It lodged on his arm, but he brushed
it away as though it had been poison, and passed on with-
out looking up.
Emma spent the remainder of the day in tears. Early
the next day the bustle of departure began. Emma was
going to accompany her widowed and invalid mother on
a trip for her health. As they reached the wharf, and de-
scended from the carriage, Emma's eyes made themselves
busy, searching for a wished-for face, but it was nowhere
to be seen. The steamboat was panting and puffing,
seemingly impatient to be let loose, when Emma's mother,
aided by the servant who had accompanied them, was
crossing the gangway which lay between the wharf and
the boat, and Emma was reluctantly following, when the
sound of a voice behind—the very voice she had longed
to hear'—startled her. She turned to look, and, missing
her footing, fell into the water. Another instant, and
Henry had thrown off his coat; and calling, loudly, " Tell
the captain not to allow the wheel to stir, and to throw
me a line;" he sprang into the wrater. But of her for
whom he was risking his life to save, he was unable to
perceive a trace. Judging that the current of the river
might have carried her a little forward, he swam around
the wheel, but still saw her not. Despair had nearly
seized his heart as he conjectured that she might be under
168
THE   NEW    YORK    COACH-MAKER'S   MAGAZINE.
April,
the boat; but, straining his eyes to see through the water,
he at length discerned, far below the surface, what seemed
to be the end of a floating garment, lodged between the
wheel and the bottom of the boat.
If this were, indeed, the unfortunate girl, the least
movement of the wheel must inevitably strike her ; and
Henry, in his terror, fancied it was already beginning to
turn. Diving, he clutched at the garment, but missed it.
He rose panting, and almost exhausted ; but scarcely
waiting to get breath, he again plunged below the surface.
This time his efforts were rewarded by success, at least so
far that he was able to bring Emma's form to the surface
of the water; but she seemed totally lifeless. Henry
was now so nearly exhausted that he had only sufficient
presence of mind left to clasp Emma convulsively, while
he kept himself afloat by holding on to the wheel. But
this, his last hope of support, seemed also to fail him
soon, as he perceived that it was now really beginning to
turn slowly around. By a desperate effort, he struck his
foot against one of the paddles, so as to push himself off
as far from danger as possible. As he did so something
touched his head, and his hand grasped a rope. New life
seemed now infused into him, and summoning all his
energies, he fastened the rope around Emma's waist, after
which consciousness entirely forsook him. In the mean
time, the witnesses of the scene, after giving Henry's in-
struction to the captain, had watched his struggles and
exertions with breathless interest. The friendly rope had
been flung to him again and again ; but in the excitement
of his feelings, and his semi-insensibility, he was incapable
of availing himself of the proffered aid. At last, per-
ceiving that he was quite exhausted, and must inevitably
soon let go his hold on the wheel, and then probably sink
to rise no more, the captain ordered the small boat to
the rescue, and the result of this experiment was success-
ful. Emma was raised from the water by means of a
rope, and the boat reached Henry in time to save him
also. Both sufferers were then taken on board the
steamboat, which now moved off to make up for lost
time.
And thus, when our hero regained his consciousness,
he found himself miles from home. Of course, his first
anxious inquiry was for Emma, and when informed that
she was rapidly recovering, his happiness seemed com-
plete.
About sunset of the same day a message came to him
that Miss A------ desired  to see him.    Answering  the
summons, he found her lying on a sofa in the captain's
state-room, which had been considerately given up to her.
Her mother was sitting beside her, who looked very pale,
and somewhat suffering; but she held out her hand to
Henry very gracefully, while the tears stood in her eyes.
" Henry," she said, without offering a word of thanks,
" I want to see a clergyman. Is there a clergyman on
board the boat?"
" I will go and see," said Henry, moving to the door;
but a dreadful thought entered his mind, as he turned, ex-
claiming, " Emma, you don't think that------"
" That I am going to die ? No, Henry ; but I want to
see a clergyman."
Henry went, and soon returned accompanied by a
minister.
" I thank you, sir, for coming to me," said she to the
latter, as he entered ; " I have a strange request to make
of you.    Would you object, sir, in the presence, and with
the consent of my mother, to unite me to this gentleman
in matrimony 1 "
If the minister was astonished at this request, Henry
was still more so. " What did you say, Emma 1 " said
he.    " Did I hear aright ? "
" I believe so," said Emma, smiling at his eager
amazement.    " Does the scheme meet your approval % "
" It was heaven inspired," cried the poor fellow, frantic
with joy; but a shade coming over his face, he added
gravely, " but, Emma, have you considered 1 Remember,
I want your love, not your gratitude. I will be satisfied
with nothing less."
" Do not be concerned about that, dear Henry," re-
plied Emma, gazing at him very tenderly through her
tears. " You had that first, long, long before you had
the last."
" But, Emma, you said only yesterday------"
" Never mind what I said yesterday," interrupted
Emma, with some of her old spirit breaking out. " Just
mind what I say to-day. If I was a fool once, is that any
reason I must be one always.? "
"But, indeed, Henry," she added more softly, " I have
always meant to be your wife. The only scruple I have
is, that I am not half good enough for you."
It is needless to say how the discussion ended, for the
reader has already divined that.
Henry continued his journey ; and thus, in the course
of one eventful day, he risked his life, saved that of an-
other, and set out on an unexpected wedding tour, a happy
man !
 Illustrations of tlje §rafk
LANDAU.
Illustrated on Plate XLI.
Landaus, very common in Europe where they origin-
ated—some say, at a town of the name in Germany—are
becoming very popular with the aristocracy of this coun-
try, which term includes all those of sufficient wealth to
enable them to support such an "institution." Wishing
to render all the aid in our power, tending to the devel-
opment of art, we this month furnish our readers with
an original drawing, in which we have endeavored to in-
clude all the latest improvements both in desisrn and
fashion. The manner in which the body is suspended,
renders the vehicle one of the most easy riding ever made.
The width of the body across the seat should be about 50
inches in the clear; axles, If inches; wheels, 3 feet 5
inches and 4 feet 1 inch; hubs, 4£ by 7 inches; spokes,
1^ inches ; rims, 1^ inches deep; tires, f by 1^ inches.
Painting. — English patent black ground work, the
under-carriage striped with a three-eighths inch line in
blue, over which, near the edge, put two narrow lines in
white.
Trimming.—Since this carriage is often open, exposing
the linings to the action of the atmosphere, care should be
taken to have the linings fast colors, for nothing injures
1870.
THE   NEW    YORK    COACH-MAKER'S    MAGAZINE.
169
the reputation of a builder more than to have his cloths
fade. Simply remarking, that as nearly all the fancy
colors possess this failing, such should be used with caution,
we leave the builder to exercise his own judgment in se-
lecting his material for inside linings.
Workman's price for building the body, from $150 to
$160; for carriage part, $22; for ironing, with seat-leg, book
steps, and French clips, $110; for painting, $72; for
trimming, including all the leather work, $85. Manu-
facturer's charge to a customer is from $1,800 to $2,000,
according to finish. Our charges for working drawings,
full size, on wall paper, will be—for the body, $15 ; for
the carriage part (including wheels), springs, &c, $15
more, or $30 for all. Orders to be accompanied with the
cash, and plans to be mailed within eight days after the
order is given.
New York Charges for Repairs.— Wood-work: Hub,
$5; new spoke, $1; rimming wheels, $20 ; half rim, $2.50;
drafting wheels, $1 ; furchell bed, $10 ; bolster, $8 ; back
spring bar, carved, $9 ; furchells, or horn bars, $8 ; fifth-
wheel bed, $2.50 ; splinter bar, $3; perch, $20; pole, $10.
Iron-work : New iron tires and bolts, $38 ; resetting tires,
$9; tire-bolts, each, 30 cents; carriage-bolts, each, 50
cents; resetting axles, $10; oiling and washering axles, $2.
Trimming: New leather top (both heads), $175 ; new
head lining, both heads of silk goods, $175. Painting:
Burning off old paint and repainting, $185. Plating :
Recapping axle-nuts, $6; hub bands, silver, $8 ; door
handles, $10 to $12.
ROCKAWAY   WITH   TURN-OVER   SEAT.
Illustrated on Plate XL1I.
This light one-horse rockaway, the seat to turn over,
with high paneled doors, is nicely calculated for a family
carriage. Width of body, 48 inches; wheels, 3 feet 6
inches, and 3 feet 11 inches high; hubs, 4 by 7 inches;
spokes, 1£ inches; rims, \\ inches; tires, /g by \\
inches.
Painting.—Body, black ; carriage part, brown, striped
with black in broad stripe, with two narrow ones red.
Trimmings.—Blue-black cloth.
Workman's charge for building body, $62; manu-
facturer's charges for the carriage, nicely finished, $700.
New York Charges for Repairing.—Iron-work :
New tires and bolts, $26; drafting, $1; resetting, $7 ;
tire bolts; 25 cents each; carriage bolts, 30 cents. Wood-
work : Hub, $5; spoke, 75 cents ; rims, $18; axle bed,
$3.50 ; perch, $5 ; spring bars, each, $2 ; shafts, each, $4 ;
shaft bar, $1.75 ; head block, $3 ; new set of wheels, com-
plete, $75. Trimming: Retrimming shafts, $4.25 ; cover-
ing glass frames, $4 ; leather washers, $1.25. Painting:
Burning off old paint, and repainting and striping, $95 ;
Vol. XI.—22
coloring and varnishing body and carriage part, striping,
&c, $75.
STANDING-TOP   PIANO-BOX   BUGGT.
Illustrated on Plate XLIII.
We have on this plate a very unique and original de-
sign for a depot wagon. The moulding extending around
the body is concave, as shown at both ends, and should be
painted in some color differing from the other portions of
the side panel. Wheels, 3 feet 11 inches and 4 feet 2
inches high; hubs, 3£ inches; spokes, 1 inch ; rims, \\
inches; tires (steel), £ by £¦ inch.
Workman's price for building body, including the
wood-work of top, $25 ; carriage part, $8; wheels, $10 ;
shafts, $3.50; spring bars (plain), $2. Manufacturer's
price for buggy about $400.
New York Charges for Repairing.— Wood-work:
New wheels, $18 (tirings not included); hub, $5; spokes,
75 cents each; rimming, $16 ; axle bed, $4 each; perch,
$6; head block, $3; spring bars, each, $2 ; shaft bars,
$2; new shaft, $4. Iron-work: Resetting tires, $8; new
set of tires, including the tire bolts, $20; drafting the
wheels, $1; carriage bolts, 50 cents each; resetting axles,
$6; new fifth wheel, $5 ; new spring, 15. Trimming :
Leathering shafts, $7 ; seat linings, &c, $35 ; whip socket
and fastenings, $3 ; covering dash, $10. Painting : Re-
painting, $70 ; touching up and varnishing, $35.
PIANO-BOX     ROAD    BUGGY.
Illustrated on Plate XLIV.
In this design, the only points which differ from the
last are the seat and side molding. The former molding
sinks; this is raised and rounded, as shown on the side
panel. Width on seat, 36 inches; wheels, 3 feet 11
inches and 4 feet 1 inch ; hubs, 3^- inches ; spokes, | inch ;
rims, 1 inch; tires (steel), T^ by - inch.
Workman's price for making body, $17; carriage part,
$8; shafts, $3.50; wheels, $10; spring bars, plain, $2.
Manufacturer's price for finished buggy, $325.
Repairing.—Same prices as for the piano-box.
COAL   BOX   ROAD   BUGGY.
Illustrated  on  Plate   XLIV.
A very pretty buggy, we imagine we hear a great
many say, and original, too, in many respects. The sham
pillars, as well as the moldings, should all of them be
raised and wooden ; set off, when painted, with a different
shade of color from that used in painting the panel.
The prices for making the different parts, for the re-
pairs, and for the finished carriage, are about the same as
for those mentioned in describing the other, published on
this plate.
170
THE   NEW    YORK    COACH-MAKER'S   MAGAZINE.
April,
 from
THE CORRECT LENGTH OF AXLES AND
AXLE BEDS.
(Concluded from page 154.)
Again we return to wheels and axles. I will give my
plan for getting the proper length of axles, which I have
used since I first took any interest in the business, and
which was my first object to obtain—the exact and proper
length of axle beds. There is such a variety of axles
nowadays, that I am obliged to resort to my plan, in
order to get up the carriages which I build correctly.
We all know that the object aimed at, by practical car-
riage-makers, is to have their carriages noted for easy
running ; and to do this, they must make each part bear
its proportion of the weight. It is very essential that the
tire should present a level surface with the grade of the
road ; and to attain this object, you must pay strict at-
tention to the length of axles, without which it will be
merely guess work.
My plan is this. I first find the dish of each wheel,
measuring from the back end of each hub, to a straight
edge across the face of the wheel. The difference in the
dish of each wheel must be particularly noticed, and cal-
culated upon, in the length of the axle, by deducting the
number of inches and fractional parts of an inch from the
width of the track, measured from outside to outside of
the tire. I then add one-half of the swing, which I intend
to give the wheels, to the measure, and we have the cor-
rect length of the axle between the shoulders. Perhaps
it will be as well for me to explain just here, how I ascer-
tain the correct swing to be given the wheel. Without
being considered egotistical, I must claim to myself the
credit of reducing this very simple problem to a practical
conclusion. Heretofore the rule prevalent has been on
the guess plan. Where a wheel dished much, the swing
was five and six inches.    For those not so much dished,
three and four inches.
As shown in the en-
graving, I measure
from the face of the
wheel to the center of
two spokes at the
hub, as at point A,
which gives the start-
ing point; next,meas-
ure to the center of
the spoke B, which
measurement deduct
from the measure-
ment at A, and the
remainder carried out
on line D, from point
B (the center of spoke
at felloe), to height of
wheel at E, will give
us the half of the
swing intended. As
I said above, add this
half of   the  swing—
after deducting the dish of the wheels—and we have the
correct length of the axle or axle bed. In all cases, ob-
serve  that your tire stands  horizontal,  or square, with
base line C, and each wheel in range with the other also,
at point F. By squaring from line G and D, we have
the proper set of the axle arm, with a parallel spoke on
the under side of the wheel.
As it is a difficult matter to show the variations of
one-sixteenth of an inch on the scale, I can make the en-
graving and plan more fully understood, perhaps, by
figures. Suppose we wish our carriage to track 4 feet
8 inches, outside to outside, the dish of one wheel meas-
uring from the back end of hub to a straight edge on the
face of the wheel, is 4| inches; the other is 4| inches,
which together make 8£ inches, which we deduct from 56
inches, leaving 47£ inches. We now measure for the
swing, as above, which we find to be 2^ inches, which,
added to 47^ inches, makes the length of the axle or axle
bed 49£ inches between shoulders. In order to get
the proper swing of my wheels, I have a straight edge,
as shown in H, striking a f mark from the edge I, as at
J, I have the center of an inch spoke, as at B. The re-
mainder of what is left at A, I place at point L ; and
drawing- line K at point M, I have the swing. I then
place the length of hub on at point N, and square from
line K and L, which gives the pitch of the axle. I have
been more prolix in the explanation of the diagram than
I should have been, did I not wish it distinctly understood,
which is my excuse for the length of this article.
HINTS TO CARRIAGE PAINTERS.
It not unfrequently happens, after a piece of work has
had its second and third coats of varnish, and looked well
at night, that the next morning the surface exhibits a dull-
ness utterly at variance with the expectation it had pre-
viously so rationally excited. Conjectures are made upon
the cause, and the conclusion generally settles it upon the
inferior quality of the varnish. A little inquiry may cor-
rect this impression, for which purpose we may trace the
work from the commencement. The workman, having
finished cleaning off" his panels, is impatient to have them
colored as quickly'as possible, which is done. These
panels have been fixed to their places through the agency
of fire and water. The grain of the wood, having suffered
this disturbance of drying on one side, and imbibing water
on the other, is immediately covered over with a succession
of fluid paint, in which turpentine forms the component
element; four coats of primary colors, thin and transpar-
ent ; four coats of filling-up stuff, the composition of which
are absorbents of the strongest character—litharge, ochre,
and dry white lead. Water is again applied most amply
in rubbing down ; and when to all appearance dry, two or
three preliminary coats of color; then three or four coats
of the intended body color, generally prepared in turpen-
tine, concluding with the varnishing.
With so many absorbents underneath, laid on as fast as
they dry, and on a surface of wood, of which the grain
had been opened and separated by the operation of bend-
ing, can it be wondered at, that the recesses should retain
the volatile particles of each successive coat, and that,
finally, the varnish should be drawn inward by the powers
of absorption under'it, and thus lose that lustre—the
characteristic of good varnish.    The remedy for this is
1870.
THE    NEW    YORK    COACH-MAKER'S   MAGAZINE.
171
now to be found, and would seem to be this. Let the
panels have sufficient time to become thoroughly dry—for
the humidity to evaporate, and the grain to assume its
fixed quality—before a coat of color is put on. Use the
best ground lead and oil, and let each coat be well dry
before the succeeding one is laid ; let the filling up be well
ground and well amalgamated, and when enough is put on,
stand as long as possible before rubbing down—the time so
required may be occupied in forwarding some other depart-
ment of the work. After rubbing down, warm air, either
natural or artificial, is requisite to expel the humidity,
particularly around the grooves, into which the water will
penetrate, notwithstanding the oil lead used in painting.
Too frequently the panels are rubbed down between each
coat of varnish, before they are sufficiently hard, in such
case the varnish is literally rubbed off; in this, much de-
pends on its character, as well as the atmosphere in which
it is used. Jn every other branch of the business, any de-
fect or imperfection can easily be traced to the right cause;
but in the painting department, it is not so easy—many
effects show themselves, and phenomena to baffle the most
patient inquiry. But in the hands of a skillful workman,
ambitious of good work, many defects maybe avoided by
study to improve, and research for the cause.
PAINTS OF THE ANCIENTS.
A certain class of persons, little acquainted with the
details of the industrial achievements of the present day,
and the history of their slow development, are much
inclined to extol the accomplishments of the ancients in
different arts and sciences, asserting even that they knew
the uses of steam, electricity, etc.; also that many of their
technological manipulations are totally unknown at the
present day. Some have gone so far as to write treatises
on the so-called, "lost arts" of the ancients.
This strange misapprehension results from one-sided
education, in which too much attention is paid to the past,
and too little to the present. It is fostered, moreover, by
a peculiar disposition of the mind, disposing it to venera-
tion for what is old. Persons thus prejudiced by nature
and training, take a hint or suggestion of some classic au-
thor for a statement of an existing state of things. They
forget that mere suggesting or speculating is not discover-
ing nor inventing. Much less is it the practical execution
and application of an invention.
Much has been said and printed about the magnificent
colors of the ancients. It has been asserted that we can
not equal them. Let us see what foundation there is for
this assertion, which rests on ground about as reasonable
as the other rash statements of a similar nature.
Landerer, a German chemist, has lately occupied him-
self with investigating the colors used by ancients on
statues, monuments, bas-reliefs, and vases, in the city of
Athens in Greece. He found that what had remained of
the coloring matter on these objects was so hard that only
with difficulty it could be scratched off by means of an
iron tool. Analysis showed that the paints were partially
metallic and partially earthy. The painters of the Ionic
school, however, used also vegetable substances to obtain
bright colors.
Bed. The r-ed colors proved to be the natural vermil-
ion, or cinnabar. Artificial vermil-ion has a much brighter
red color, but was only invented by Kallias,four hundred
years before the birth of Christ.    Probably, the natural
cinnabar used before that time was obtained from the Lau-
rian silver mines in Attica. It was mixed with red earth
to brighten the color. A reddish silicate of alumina and
iron was extensively used, very similar, according to the
description of Landerer, to the material of the same in-
gredients now produced at Berlin, in Connecticut, and ex-
tensively employed in this country as a red paint. The
burnt ochre was another red, made by Kidias in the year
308 before Christ, by burning the yellow ochre from Sin-
ope and Cappadocia. Red lead, or minium was obtained
by burning natural litharge (oxide of lead). This litharge
is still found near the harbor of Bulkau, on the island of
Zea. It was called miltos—a name possibly also applied
to cinnabar. In the Laurian silver works, a lead oxide
was obtained which could be easily converted by burning
into red lead. This is the usual red paint found on antique
vases.
Besides these mineral reds, the ancients employed the
root of the madder, and the red of the purpura shell-fish,
as well as the so-called " dragon's blood " from the East
Indies, which we now know to be a dried vegetable juice.
These colors, which by nature are not permanent, were
put on the marble by means of either a fine hydraulic
cement, or a wax varnish.
Yellow. The ancients had no bright yellow at all. Our
chrome, cadmium, and zinc yellows were entirely unknown
to them. Their principal yellow was the yellow ochre.
To make it brighter, they mixed it with pigments, as, for
instance, white-lead. A yellow oxide of lead, identical
with the mineral chrysilis, was also used, and is still found
in the Laurian mines. Aristotle speaks of orpiment, in
"his time called sandaraca, and. now known to be sulphide
of arsenic. This is, however, now no more found in any
remnant of old Grecian workmanship.
Green. The only greens known to the ancients appear
to have been compounds of copper, partly artificial, and
partly natural. Powdered malachite, a beautiful green
natural carbonate of copper, was brought from the island
of Cyprus, where copper (cuprum) is abundant. This
island, being dedicated to the goddess Venus, copper was
supposed to be the metal of love; and hence the absurd
rule to introduce compounds of copper into philters or
love potions. These ingredients would be inert in very
small doses, and in larger ones would cause vomiting.
A silicious compound of copper was also found to be
the green color applied to some funeral monuments.
Blue. This was, like the green, always a compound of
copper ; either the powdered lazulite, a blue natural car-
bonate of copper, or the beautiful ceruleum, which was the
best color they had, and was artificially produced by fus-
ing together copper, niter and sand.
Black. This is found to have been either ivory-black
or a very fine charcoal. Ancient writers corroborate this
conclusion, by saying that Apelles produced beautiful
shaded tones by means of burnt ivory. Asphaltum was
also used ; it was dissolved in spirits of turpentine, and
constitutes the black varnish on vases.
White. White-lead was known, but appears to have
been little used ; most whites are found to have been the
earth of Mylos, which is a white silicious clay. Accord-
ing to classic authors, white-lead was extensively used by
the Greek ladies as a cosmetic, for which purpose it was
made up in small cakes or bars.
Gilding. Plutarch mentions that heavy gold-leaf was
attached to the Corinthian bronze  by means of mercury,
172
THE   NEW    YORK    COACH-MAKER'S   MAGAZINE.
April,
and subsequent pressure and friction ; but the gilding in-
vestigated by Landerer was found to be attached to the
marbles and vases simply by means of white of egg or of
gum arabic. It is doubtful whether the Greeks were ac-
quainted with the gum sarcocollce, which was used by the
Egyptians for the same purpose.
Encaustic painting was more frequently practiced.
The Greeks had three styles of it. They burnt only the
outlines on ivory, with hot irons, as we nowadays often
see it done on wood, with shadows and all; or they
brought the wax-colors on the surface with appropriate
dies and pens, and melted them in by heat; or they painted
with brushes, having previously liquified the paint mixed
with wax or resin, with some solvent or by heat. The
latter method appears to have been in use to paint ships
and boats with a variety of figures.—Manuf. and Builder.
dimming
HINTS TO TRIMMERS.
If trimmers will have a little care in getting bodies in
the trimming room, and setting them up at their benches,
they would save that everlasting jar between themselves,
finishers, and painters, about scratches and bruises which
often occur in the trimming room, and which are gener-
ally caused by the carelessness of somebody, and that
somebody will never own up, either if caused by careless-
ness or accident. You can't blame the painters for growl*
ing, for injuries to the paint not only delay the finishing
of the carriage, but make it almost impossible to match
the color unless it is black. . So raise your body from the'
floor, either with horses or a trussel, and don't leave frames
or irons hanging near enough to fall against it. In get-
ting in and out at work, look out for your toes and heels
that they don't do any damage. It is a good plan to cover
the doorway with old carpet, of which there is generally
plenty about a shop. In fact, too many, as they are the
best of moth breeders, unless in constant use.
SPRING BACKS.
No heavy job is considered complete now-a-days,
without a spring back. The cheapest and best way of mak-
ing them is, to paste out two thicknesses of buckram, cut
out to fit against the back panel, leaving it high enough
to nail against the rail frame on top. Next mark off equal
spaces each way, five lengthwise, and three in depth;
after which tuck a little hair or moss underneath the bot-
tom of the spring, when it is sewed fast to the buckram
to prevent clicking. Then tie them together with a strong
cord, knotting at every crossing and securing the ends
well with a strong tack. In tieing keep the springs
straight with each other, tipping the tops of the bottom
row toward the bottom, and the top row toward the top
of the back. Draw your burlaps over easy—nail at the
top—spread some hair over the top portion—bring down
your burlap and baste about the middle. This will bring
your back out full at the top.
Steel Tubular Bow Sockets.—Such is the name of
an article recently patented by Messrs, Topliff & Ely, of
Elyria, Ohio. We expect to give fuller details of it in our
next number.
NEW ARRANGEMENT OF SLAT-IRONS.
In this improved arrangement of the slat-irons, A rep"
resents the iron prop; B an iron T, to which the slat-
irons are riveted, and C the slat-irons, five in number,
hinged to the T by rivets, as before stated, to take the
bows. For carriages—such as landaus—this arrange-
ment of the bows is a decided improvement over the old
one, especially when applied to the front half of the head,
as, in falling, the lower bows are thrown back, thus clear-
ing the dickey-seat and allowing of a shorter coupling.
This, we believe, is public property and unpatented.
editor's
SUGGESTIONS FOR NOVICES.
Coach-making, as we have elsewhere shown, is at-
tended with numerous perplexities. Many of these, how-
ever, may be avoided, by an early attention to system,
and a determination to employ none but the most care-
ful workmen, and the first quality material. We know
that the temptations arising from competitions in trade,
and the desire in some minds to get rich by selling cheap,
are strong inducements to act otherwise, but a lifetime of
observation has convinced us that "the cheap Johns" of
business have, in nearly every instance, failed of suc-
cess. It is plain that some individuals will be induced to
trade, once at least, where the reputation for low charges
reign, but it is equally evident that they seldom call the
second time, for strange as it may appear, the class of in-
dividuals who run for cheap prices, aptly expect to get first-
class goods, and failing in this, drive away from tricksters—
such cheap business men usually are—with woe-begone
countenances and with anathemas on their lips, and
rarely ever, if a customer is worth having, will they call
a second time. It is a well settled axiom, that " whatever
is worth doing at all, is worth doing well," especially is
this true when applied to pleasure carriages, upon the
perfection of which life and limb are dependent.
1870.
THE   NEW.   YORK    COACH-MAKER'S    MAGAZINE.
173
With the foregoing as introductory, we suggest to the
novice in business life, that he sets out determined to suc-
ceed, and in order to do this he must be punctual in re-
deeming his promises, honest in all his dealings, and
polite to all with whom he comes in contact. If these reso-
lutions are fully carried out, he will undoubtedly merit, and
likewise be successful in securing, a competence.
GOOD TASTE.
Carriages constructed, for the purpose of pleasure,
are considered works of art; in the construction of which
is laid open a wide field for the development of taste, in
form and proportion as well as color. In form, the car-
riage, be it whatever it may, the draftsman should keep
this one important object before him at all times, viz.:
To display taste and correct design in the lines which con-
stitute the form of the carriage ; to guard against un-
sightly shapes and curves, broken or abrupt sweeps, &c.;
to have one line follow another in harmony with the leading
line of the body.
How often do we see in shops where practical and ex-
perienced draftsmen are not employed, when the assumed
draftsman is engaged in placing a draft upon the board—
all hands, the boss included, rush to the rescue, one sug-
gesting that this line be placed a little higher, another that
it be* lower, another that this curve be made with less
sweep ; others that it should have more; and perhaps not
one of the party has a particle of'taste, none of them, pay-
ing any attention whatever to the leading line of the body.
Hence we see so many montrosities in the shape of car-
riages thrust before our eyes.
The size and weight of the carriage should be propor-
tioned to the power which is intended to move it, as well
as the persons which it is designed to carry. The propor-
tion of the parts having been once accurately settled, the
same rule of proportion must be observed, whether on an
increased or diminished scale.
Having settled the preliminaries of form and propor-
tion, the next consideration is that of color, and a drafts-
man of practical experience, always takes this matter into
consideration, regardless of the opinions of painters, and
very seldom does he fail in showing that he has perceptive
faculties superior to theirs, for the reason that his experi-
ence has given him the advantage of a high cultivation.
Taste in the matter of color can do much toward amend-
ing the defects (if any) in the draft, or at least divert the
attention of ordinary observers from dwelling upon them.
Certain colors produce their effects, by contrast, as green
and red, purple and yellow, orange and blue. Others
again produce their effect by harmony, as green and drab,
or brown and amber. Others again by gradation, as the
different shades of green, blue, drab, and brown, which
consist of almost an endless variety.     Colors are gener-
ally divided into two classes, the warm and the cold. Red
and yellow and their various gradations are warm colors ;
green and blue and their various gradations being cold
colors. The intermingling of the opposite colors form
neutrals. It therefore becomes the duty of the painter to
consult the form and proper proportion of the vehicle, or
the color and style in which it is to be executed. If there
is any particular line or sweep laid down by the drafts-
man, which he wishes to appear the most prominent, the
painter should be careful and carry it out in the painting,
as much depends upon the taste and judgment of that in-
dividual in following the rules as laid down by the drafts-
man, in making the outlines of the carriage appear (when
completed) in harmony with the original design of the
body. What a fallacy it would be in him to paint a con-
cave panel any other color than black, for the reason that
any other color will (when finished) show a flat surface, or
where a particular belt or line is laid out by moldings
upon the side elevation, to paint it the same color as the
uj>per or lower panel.
Nationality has much to do with the taste of individ-
uals, so far as colors are concerned. The Teuton has his—
red, yellow, and black. The son of the Emerald Jsle
chooses green; the American, the red, white and blue,
and by stepping into many paint-shops, it would be unne-
cessary to inquire from what nation the foreman hailed,
because we can form an opinion from the work which has
passed through his. hands. Many a good draft has been
spoiled for want of taste in the painter, as I have instanced
in the above cases.
The same remarks are equally applicable to the trim-
mer. Nothing is a greater violation of the law of good
taste and correct proportion, than to take a plain body,
in which no attempt whatever has been made at elabora-
tion or fancy in its construction, and apply to the same
an outfit of trimming which has been executed in the most
extravagant style of ornamentation. It shows upon the
face of it a lack of good taste as well as judgment on
the part "of the superintendent. A plain and unpretending
carriage, when thus arrayed with gaudy trimming, which
evidently cost more than all the other materials about it,
has an effect upon the mind of a close observer, highly
prejudicial to his opinion of the one, who has gotten up
the affair " regardless of expense," and it at once becomes
apparent that sound judgment and good taste were lacking
in the foreman.
Now, there are many coach-makers who display no
more taste or judgment in what constitutes correct pro-
portion than does the drayman at their door, and conse-
quently when the carriage is run out before the eyes of
the world, they must hear many hard things said of their
mechanism, by those who are more experienced, and have
taste. It therefore becomes necessary that such should
employ a competent workman, in whom is combined the
174
THE   NEW    YORK    COACH-MAKER'S    MAGAZINE.
April,
requisite qualifications to superintend the business, in
order to bring it to a successful issue. Taste is a peculiar
gift with which certain individuals are endowed at birth,
and which cannot be acquired either by study or any
amount of application. This is founded in reason, inas-
much as the faculties of some persons are at birth, more
perfect than others; the difference exists in the percep-
tive faculties, on which the qualities of taste must alone
depend. Nearly all persons have the germs of taste to
a greater or less extent. If it were not so, the expres-
sion "a person of good taste" would not be used so
commonly as a mark of approbation, showing a distinc-
tion between such and those who are deficient in the
qualification.
PROPERTY OF A GENTLEMAN GOING TO
EUROPE.
Such is the reason given by many speculators in " old
traps," through newspaper advertisements, in our day. In
England this class of shysters inform the public that they
are about to make a trip to the Continent, and there-
fore must sell at a sacrifice, or far below the original
cost. How they advertise in other countries we are not
informed, but the presumption is they adopt some similar
excuse in order to gull the public, and turn their old traps
into coin, when they become unfashionable.
This sort of pretense—for it is nothing more—has been
going on in Europe for over one hundred years, and in
this country for the past half century, without being
" played out," strong presumptive evidence that, in the
opinion of some, the fools—some of them at least—are yet
alive. It is laughable to hear them say " the carriage is
by one of our best city makers, and nearly new," but
must be sold. We have attended some of these sales
merely out of curiosity, and have had our opinion of
them fully tested, without shaking our belief in their hum-
bug nature. Why don't these persons advertise their
sales and let their wares stand on worth alone ? Simply
because they think the public " love to be humbugged"—
and they do!
Some of the " City mart" auctioneers resort to such
"tricks in trade" as ought to "make a horse laugh."
Their carriages are all "city built" by the best makers;
always " elegant " and " superior," never otherwise—at
least such is the inference from their representations. As
to the horses sold at Tattersall's, they never offer any
other than firsUclass. They are either " high-bred, stylish
and handsome," or else " extra fine and well-bred," or
" very stylish, prompt drivers, free from all vices and
tricks," and " warranted sound and kind, which a child
may drive safely." The wonder is how these auctioneers
are so fortunate as to monopolize all the good articles,
without mixtui'e, while so many defective ones are offered
elsewhere.    Are they so honest that they cannot consci-
entiously offer the unsound animal %
COACH-MAKERS' BUILDINGS.
We have previously announced that the Messrs. Wood
Brothers were erecting new accommodations for their bus-
iness, on Broadway, which they expect to occupy on or
about the first of May next. The edifice will cover five
lots, with a front of fifty-one feet (Nos. 740 and 742) on
Broadway, and another of eighty-one feet (Nos. 45, 47,
and 49) on Lafayette Place, being two hundred and sev-
enty-nine feet deep from street to street. The building,
when completed, will be five stories high, exclusive of a
basement and sub-cellar, supplied with an ornamental iron
front on Broadway, and a Mansard roof. The cost of the
building, of which Edward H. Randall is the architect,
will be about $175,000. We understand that, with the
exception of No. 47 on Lafayette Place, which belongs to
the firm, the other four lots are held on a lease for twenty-
one years. The first floor, basement, and sub-cellar will
be occupied as a carriage repository &c, by the firm, and
the lofts let for other business purposes. When com-
pleted, this will undoubtedly be the finest repository in
New York, and creditable to the enterprise and spirit of
the firm.
In addition to the above, Messrs. J. B. Brewster &
Co., whose manufactory, for some years, has been located
on Twenty-fifth street, are erecting a new edifice, with a
view to the enlargement of their increasing business. One
portion, with a front of forty feet on the street, is de-
signed as a repository for new work, and another adjoin-
ing, occupying the space between the new and old one,
with a front of twenty feet, will be used exclusively for the
storage of second handed work. The buildings will each
be one hundred feet deep, the western one four stories
high above ground. This building will have an iron front
and Mansard roof to it.
Mr. W. C. Dunn, whose manufactory on the Third
avenue at Eighty-seventh street, was last year unfortu-
nately destroyed by fire, has since erected a building on the
site of the ruins, seventy-six feet front and one hundred
and twenty-five feet deep, four stories high with the addi-
tion of a basement for the smith work. Mr. Dunn will
again commence business about the first of May, with
many of his old hands, with whom he is a favorite, they
having been with him ever since he and his brother, now
deceased, started business, some twenty years ago. When
the fire occurred, noticed at the time in our pages, some
of the men had unfinished jobs in hand and chests of tools
all destroyed. We learn that the boss has since not only
paid the workmen for the work done on jobs destroyed,
but likewise generously presented the wood workmen with
new sets of tools, a matter of such rare occurrence that it
is worthy of note, and highly commendable.
1870.
THE   NEW   YORK    COACH-MAKER'S   MAGAZINE.
175
CLOSE OF VOLUME ELEVEN.
With the next number, volume eleven will close, when
we shall as usual furnish a copious index to the subjects
therein contained, and a handsome title-page. It gives us
pleasure to say to our friends, that notwithstanding com-
petition, and the effects of dull times with the craft gen-
erally, our success the past year has been quite satisfac-
tory to us, in a pecuniary point of view. We trust to
still receive the patronage of every right thinking mem-
ber of the craft for the next volume, of which we shall
speak more in detail next month.. Meanwhile, we hope
our friends will canvass for the increased circulation of our
work the coming year, especially those who are opposed
to agrarianism in its worst form, as it has appeared in this
country from a certain source, and which, if encouraged,
will sap the very foundations of business enterprise.
LITERARY NOTICES.
Among the new publications in our exchange box, we
find The Technologist, a work especially devoted to en-
gineering, manufacturing and building, No. I, Vol. 1, for
February. The distinguishing feature of this Journal is
the fact that all articles and illustrations are original; the
publishers pledging themselves that no puffs of worthless
inventions shall be inserted in its pages under any circum-
stances whatever, which if carried out, will be commend-
able.
The number before us consists of forty-four large
pages, printed on very superior paper, and in the best
style of typographic art. Altogether, it is the finest
looking journal of practical science now before the pub-
lic. The articles, too, are of unusual excellence, and con-
tain matter calculated, to instruct and interest all classes.
The titles of a few of the subjects discussed are,—Tech-
nological Education, Tempering Steel, Trial of Steam En-
gines, Improvement in Distillation, Sunless and Airless
Dwellings, the Measurement of Electrical Resistance,
Vision and the Stereoscope, the Walks of New York Cen-
tral Park, East River Bridge Caissons, the Microscope,
Lessons on Drawing, Relation of Technology to Insur-
ance, etc., etc. The yearly subscription is Two Dollars,
and the price of single numbers Twenty Cents, a sum
that seems ridicuously small when compared with the size
and character of the Journal. It must require an enor-
mous circulation to make the enterprise pay at these
figures, and it is pleasant to see that the Publishers have
sufficient faith in our American workingmen to lead them
to undertake it.
The Technologist is issued by the Industrial Publica-
tion Company, whose office is at 176 Broadway, New
York. Every mechanic ought to send for at least one
number of this Journal.
EDITORIAL CHIPS AND SHAVINGS.
Bonner's Road-Wagon.—We had the pleasure a day
or two since to inspect a very light road wagon, weighing
only 100 lbs., just completed by J. B. Brewster & Co., of
25th street, for Robert Bonner, of the New York Ledger,
in which he intends to drive his celebrated horse Dexter.
This buggy is believed to be the lightest ever built for the
road. The axles and tires are made of Bessemer steel, and
it is strengthened in the wood-work by the patent sup-
porting bars, lately invented by Mr. Brewster. This
buggy is painted black, and the carriage is striped with a
three-eights line, through the middle of which is a narrow
one in bronze. The trimmings are blue-black, of a novel
character, set off with patent leather. The price of the
buggy is $335, and is a beautiful article.
Co-operative System.—Sometime ago we noticed the
arrangement made by the Messrs. Brewster & Co. for car-
rying out a new system of co-operation, which at the time
created much excitement in the public mind. We have
not since heard much on this subject, but have now re-
ceived a communication from an outsider, who would pro-
bably like to be counted into just such an institution. We
give an extract from it:-—
" Friend Stratton : Is the good time coming that we
read about in the Good Book 1 I have reference to the co-
operative system started by one of our leading coach-mak-
ing firms in this city. They commenced on the first of
January. As I understand it, every employee is to re-
ceive his share of the profits in ratio to the amount of
money he earns, and I believe the system is working well.
The men seem well satisfied so far, and are working like
beavers. Is this to be the end of strife and contention be-
tween the employer and the employed 1 I hope so, as it
will settle the vexed question of societies and strikes, for
where every man is an interested party, he feels that every
blow he strikes, every saving he makes in stock, and every
improvement he makes or participates in, that he is no
longer a plodding tool for others only—he is a man. Al-
though inaugurated at a time of general depression in bus-
iness, yet I believe the known ability and energy of the
men engaged in this experiment are sufficient to push it to
a successful issue, encouraging others to go and do like-
wise."
SAW DUST.
Horse-Power Useless.—Mirabeau N. Lynn, New
Albany, Indiana, has invented what he calls a " Steam
Plough Wagon and Farm Power," which he says " is
adapted to any service now performed by horses." Its
weight is 1,600 pounds ; power, four-horse; cost, $500 to
$600. The mechanical combinations are described as
being a cross shaft upon a frame, supported by two main
wheels, and one heavy guide wheel; upon the shaft, driven
by two upright cylinders attached at ends, are placed four
irregular eccentrics following four eccentric rods attached
to eight toggle joints (or horses' legs), whose motion is
so regulated that a continuous and powerful forward
movement is made, independent of aid from driving
wheels.
Editorial Tactics.—An editor out west, who has an
eye to business, and in order to increase the circulation of
his paper, announced in a late number, that every new
cash subscriber might kiss his better half, who was young
and handsome. The next day there was an alarming rush
of people in his office, among them many old subscribers,
who wanted to take an extra number. Such was the con-
fusion, that in the event of a mob, he took in his sign and
closed up his office. He has ordered a steam-power press
since, and his wife was plastering her cheeks at last ac-
counts.
176
THE    NEW    YORK    COACH-MAKER'S   MAGAZINE.
April, 1870.
New Horseshoe.—The Ames Company, at Chicopee,
are filling a contract for a peculiar adjustable horseshoe—
the invention of a Baltimorean—which is made to be
taken off at night or when the horse is not being used,
and put on as readily when wanted as a pair of boots.
The corks of the shoe are also adjustable, and new ones
can be fitted when one set is worn out.
Serious Blunder.—A telegraph operator, who had
sent a message to a Norwalk family, to meet an expected
visitor, at the depot with the "horse," blunderingly sub-
stituted, the word " hearse," and on the arrival of the
train the visitor found that desired vehicle awaiting to
transport him to his destination.
CURRENT PRICES FOR CARRIAGE MATERIALS.
CORRECTED    MONTHLY   FOE    THE   NEW   YORK   COACH-MAKER'S   MAGAZINE.
 York, March 20, 1870.
Apron hooks and rings, per gross, §1 a $1.50
Axle-clips, according to length, per dozen, 50c. to  80c.
Axles, common (loug stock), per ft. 7 c.
Axles, plain taper, 1 in. and under, $5.00; 1|, $6.00;  U, $7.00;
If, $9.00;   1|, $10.00.
Do. Swelled taper, 1 in. and under, $6.50 ;  \\, $7.00 ;  1±, $8.00;
If, $10.U0;  1£, $13.00.
Do. Half pat., 1 in. $9; 1J, $10;  1J, $12; lj}, $15.00;  H, $18.00.
Do.   do. Homogeneous steel, fin., $10.00; |, $10;  {, $11.00;
long drafts,  $2.50 extra.
J^~ These are prices for first-class axles.   Inferior class sold from $1 to $8
less.
Bands, plated rim, 3 in., $1.75; 3 in., $2 ; larger sizes proportionate.
Do.   Mail patent, $3.00 a $5.00.
Do.   galvanized, 3£ in. and under, $1 ; larger, $1 a §2.
Bent poles, each $1.00 to $1.50.
Do. rims,  extra hickory, $2.75 to $3.50.
Do. seat rails, 50c. each, or $5.50 per doz.
Do. shafts, $6 to $9 per bundle of 6 pairs.
Bolts, Philadelphia, list.    45 off.
Do.    T, per 100, $3 a $3.50.
Bows, per set, light, $1.00; heavy, $2.00.
Buckles, pergrs. |in.,$l; f, $1.12 ; J, $1.25;   g, $1 75; 1, $2.00.
Buckram, per yard, 16 a 20c.
Burlap, per yard, 10 a 12c.
Buttons, japanned, per paper, 20c; per large gross, $2.25.
Carringe-parts, buggy, carved, $4.50 a $6.
Carpets, Bruss., $1.75 a $2 ; velvet, $2.50 a $3.50; oil-cloth, 40 a 70c.
Castings, malleable iron, per lb. loc.
Chapman rubber, $1.25, doz. pr.
Clip-kingbolte, each, 40c, or $4.50 per dozen.
Cloths, body, $3.50 a $5; lining, $2.50 a $3.    (See Enameled.)
Cord, seaming, per ft. 35c; netting, per yard, 8c.
Cotelioes, per yard, $4 a $8.
Curtain frames, per dozen, $1.25 a $2.50.
Do.   rollers, each, $1.50.
Damask, German cotton, double width, per piece, $12 a §16.
Dashes,  buggy, $1.75.
Door-handles,  stiff, $1 a $3; coach drop, per pair, $3 a $4.
Drugget, felt, $1.25.
Enameled cloth, muslin, 5-4, 32c. ; 6-4, 50c.
Enameled Drills, 45 in., 45c; 5-4, 40c.
Do.    Ducks, 50 in., 65c ; 5-1, 60c; 6-1-, 80c.
flTgT* No quotations for other enameled goods.
Felloe plates, wrought, per lb., all sizes, 15 to 18c.
Felloes (Rims), $1.50 a $3.
Fifth-wheels, wrought, $1.25 a $1.50.
Fringes, festoon, per pieue, $2; narrow, per ynrd, 18c.
531?" For a buggy-top two pieces are required, and sometimes three.
Do.        silk bullion, per yard, 60c. a $1.
Do.        worsted bullion, 4 in., 35c.
Do.        worsted carpet, per yard, 8c. a 15c.
Frogs, 50c. a $1 per pair.
Glue, per ft. 25c. a 30c.
Hair, picked, per 16. 40c. to 65c.
Hubs, light, mortised, $1.20; unmorti^ed, $1.   Coach, mortised, $2.
Japan, per gal., $1.75.
Knobs, English, $1.40 a $1.50 per gross.
Laces, broad, silk, per yard, 60c. a $1.25; narrow, 10c. to 16c.
Do. broad, worsted, per yard, 40c. a 50c.
Lamps, coach. $10 a $30 per pair.
Lazy backs, $9 per doz.
Leather, collar, 23c;   railing do. 20c; soft dash, No. 1,14c.; do.,
No. 2, 10c; harddash, 15c; splitdo., 15c; No. 1, top, 23c; enam-
eled top, No. 1, 23c, do., No. 2, 20c ; enameled trimming, 20c.;
harness, per lb., 50c ; flap, per foot, 25c
Moss, per bale, 8c. a 15c.
Mouldings,   plated,  per foot,  £ in.  12c; f, 13c. a 16c;  i, lead,
door, per piece, 30c
Nails, lining, silver, per paper, 7c; ivory, per gross, 50c.
Name-plates, $5 for 25, $8 for 50.
Oils, boiled, per gal., $1.20.
Paints.    White lead, extra, $12.00, pure, $13.00 per 100 lbs.; Eng.
pat. black, 20 to 25c.
Permanent wood-filling, $6 per gallon.
Poles, $1.25 a $2 each,
Pole-crabs, silver, $5 a $12; tips, $1.25 a $1.50.
Pole-eyes, (S) No. 1, $2.25;   No.  2, $2.40;   No. 3, $2.65;   No. 4,
$4.50 per pr.
Sand-paper, per ream, under Nos. 2^ and under, $4.50.
Screws, gimlet, manufacturer's, 40 per cent, off printed lists.
Do.   ivory headed, per dozen, 50c. per gross, $5.50.
Scrims (for canvassing), 16c a 22c.
Seats (carriage), $2 a $2.75 each.
Seat-rails, 75c. per doz.
Seat-risers, Linton's Patent, $2 per pair.
Seats, buggy, pieced rails, $1.75 ; solid rails, $2.50.
Shafts, $12 to $18 per doz.
Shaft-jacks (M. S. & S.'s), No. 1, $2.40 ; 2, $2.60; 3, $3.00.
Shaft-jacks, common, $1 a $1.35 per pair.
Do. tips, extra plated, per pair, 25c a 50c
Silk, curtain, per yard, $2 a $3.50.
Slat-irons, wrought, 4 bow, 75c. a 90c. ; 5 bow, $1.00 per set.
Slides, ivory, white and black, per doz., $12; bone, per doz., $1.50
a $2.25; No. 18, $2.75 per doz.
Speaking tubes, each, $10.
Spindles, seat, per 100, $1.50 a $2.50.
Spring-bars, carved, per pair, $1.75.
Springs,   black,   13c;   bright,   16c;    English   (tempered1),   18c;
Swedes (tempered), 26c; 1$ in., lc. per IB. extra.
If under 34 in., 2c per lb. additional.
J3P* Two sprinss for a buggy weigh about 23 lbs.    If both 4 plate, 34 to 40 lbs.
Spokes (Best Elizabethport), buggy,   J, ] and ljf in. 9Jc. each;  1£
and 14. in. 9c. each;   1-J in. 10c each.      10 off cash.
E5F" For extra hickory the cbarges are 10c. a 12}c. each.
Steel, Farist Steel Co.'s Homogeneous Tire (net prices):   1 x 3--16,
and 1 x 1-4, 20 cts.; 7-8 x 1-8 and 7-8 x 3-16, 23 cts.; 3-4 x 1-8,
25 cts.; 3-4 x 1-16, 28 cts.
Steel Tire—best Bessemer—net prices: 1-4 x 1 1-8, 12c.;   1-4 x 1,
12c;   3-16x1 1-8, 13c;   3-16 x 1,   13c;   3-16 x 7-8,   14c,;
3-16 x 3 4, 17 ; 1-8 x 7-8, 20; 1-8 x 3-4; 1-16 x. 3-4 23c.
Stump-joints, per dozen, $1.40 a $2.
Tacks, 7c and upwards.
Tassels, holder, per  pair, $1  a $2;   inside, per dozen, $5a$12:
acorn trigger, per dozen, $2.25.
Thread, linen, No. 25, $1.75;  30, $1.85; 35, $1.80.
Do. stitching, No. 10, $1.00; 3, $1.20; 12, $1.35.
Do. Marshall's Machine, 432, $3.25; 532, $3.75;   632, $4, gold.
Top props, Thos. Pat, wrought, per set 80c ; capped complete, $1.60.
Do. common, per set, 40c Do. close plated nuts and rivets, 75a80c.
Tufts, commou flat, worsted, per gross, 15c
Do. heavy black corded, worsted, per gross, $1.
Do.         do.            do.     silk, per gross, $2     Do. ball, $1.
Turned collars, $1.25 a $3 per doz.
Turpentine, pr gl., 5Oo.
Twine, tufting, pr ball, 50c; per ft. 85c. a $1.
Varnishes (Amer), crown conch-body, $5.00; nonpareil, $5.25.
Do.    English, $6.25 to $7.50 in gold, or equivalent in currency.
Webbing, per piece, 65c.; per gross of 4 pieces, $2.40.
Wheels, $12 to $22.
Whitfle-trees, coach, turned, each, 50c ; per dozen, $4.50.
Whiffle-tree spring hooks, $4.50 per doz.
Whip-sockets, flexible rubber, $4.50 a $6 per dozen ;  hard rubber,
$9 to $10 per doz.;   leather imitation English, $5 per doz.
common American, $3.50 a $4 per doz.
Window lifter plates, per dozen, $1.60.
Yokes, pole, 60c ;   per doz, $5.50.
Yoke-tips, ext. plated, $1.50 pair.