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Vol. 11.
PLATE 2
VoL 11.
LIGHT   PHAETON. —i in. scale.
Designed expressly for  the New  York Coach-maker's Magazine.
Explained on page 9_
PLATE 3
Vol. 11.
BRACKET   FRONT   COAL-BOX   BUGGY.-f  in. scale,
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DOG-CART PHAETON.—£ in. scale.
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Explained on pare 9.
PLATE 4
Vol, 11.
SCROLL   COAL-BOX   BUGGY. — £ ih. scalk.
Designed expressly for the New York Coach-maker's Magazine.
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COAL-BOX ROAD BUGGY.—| in. scale.
Designed expressly for the New York Coach-maker s Magazine,
Explained on page 10.
DEVOTED   TO   THE   LITERARY,   SOCIAL,   AND   MECHANICAL   INTERESTS  OF   THE  CRAFT.
Vol.   XI.
NEW   YORK,   JUNE,   1869.
. 1.
 ^iterature.
ADVENTURES  OF THREE JOURS.
BY   II.   S.   WILLIAMS.
Chapter I.
The twelfth day of December, 1856, will long be re-
membered as one of the coldest and most disagreeable
ever experienced in the Mound City. The snow that
had fallen the previous night lay deep upon the ground,
the sun struggled in vain to pierce the dull leaden clouds
that obscured the sky, while the wind from the north-
west came in fitful gusts and blasts, piling the snow in
huge drifts and driving it with cutting force in the" faces
of the few pedestrians who were so unfortunate as to be
compelled to brave the perils of the streets. About
three o'clock on the day in question, three young men
were seated in a large but warm and comfortable saloon,
busily engaged in testing the merits of oyster stews and
sparkling catawba. A greater contrast in their personal
appearance could scarcely be found in a day's search, for
one was,—but let me present their photographs in detail,
for we will have a good deal to say about this trio before
our story is ended. The first, Mr. Harvy Margrave,
was principally noted for his boast that he stood just
five-feet-four in high-heeled boots, and in the fact that he
would persist in dressing some ten years behind the pre-
vailing fashion. In looks he was one of those truly un-
fortunate creatures that could not boast of being handsome
nor downright ugly, for his was one of those" faces that
one would pass a hundred times without being able to
describe his appearance. Gray eyes, a nose belonging to
the pug family, long hair, the color of which formed the
dividing line between black and red, and a moustache
that could only be described by the rather strong ad-
jective—tremendous. On this latter hirsute ornament,
by the way, he bestowed the sole care and attention that
he ever gave his personal appearance. Every morning
it received a dressing of pomatum, was duly curled and
twisted, so that the ends stood out in fearful proximity to
his ears, not unlike what we see in pictures of famous
Mexican brigands, and without which no portrait of full-
Vol. xi.—1
grown masculine members of the French Imperial family
would be complete.
The second, Mr. Frank Loring, was about five feet ten,
well made, dark blue eyes, a small, black moustache,
beneath which a full, even set of teeth displayed their
pearly whiteness ; a head of black curly hair—in a word,
his lady acquaintances—and they were many—pronounced
him decidedly handsome.
The third, Mr. John Gloner, who occupied the head of
the table, and who was chief of the trio, was decidedly
ugly. Full six feet in height, slim and raw-boned, hi«ii
cheek bones, a Roman nose, hair of that peculiar color
known as " carroty," a short wiry beard a shade lighter
than his hair, large mouth, awkward and uncouth in his
general appearance, and you have the man. He had two
redeeming points, however ; first; in his forehead, that run
high and white ; and, secondly, in his eyes, small but
black, that sparkled brilliantly beneath great shaggy eye-
brows—eyes that almost charmed one when the speaker
was interested in any subject.
Thus you have them photographed in ink—these fast
and firm friends, and fellow-workmen in the same factory.
The first was a trimmer, the second a painter, and the
third a body-maker, and each a first-class workman in his
line. Rather dull times in the metropolis of the Missis-
sippi valley, and the extraordinary cold weather com-
bined, had caused them to devote the afternoon to com-
fort instead of work. So much by way of introduction ;
and new let us proceed at once with our story.
"The suggestion of Mr. Margrave deserves to be duly
considered," said Gloner, slowly, " for, as he truly says,
work is decidedly slack—"
" And wages starvingly low," sputtered Margrave as he
swallowed a spoonful of his stew.
" And then the weather is so terrible," put in Loriiig,
with a shiver. " Twenty-six degrees below zero. Horri-
ble !"
" Exactly," returned Gloner. u Three very good and
very substantial reasons why we should seek a change of
locations. Stronger arguments could not be adduced ;
but, in the language of the immortal Daniel, merely sub-
stituting the plural for the singular, ' where shall we
go?'"
"I received a letter," said Margrave, "from up the
river at Liberty about six weeks ago, offering me a, job
and stating that wages were good and work plenty."
THE    NEW   YORK    COACH-MAKER'S    MAGAZINE.
June,
" Three or four degrees colder than St. Louis," remarked
Loring.
"True enough," replied Gloner, "and the bleak
prairies of Illinois—"
"Three or four degrees colder than Liberty," said
Loring. "It won't do. We must learn wisdom from
the birds and emigrate southward. Wish I had gone a
month ago."
"Sensible to the last," answered Margrave, giving his
moustache an extra twirl. "Now allow me to make a
suggestion, prefacing it with a brief episode in my own
history. Last winter I worked in Memphis. I had a
good boss, plenty of work and my own prices, and would
have been there yet if it had not been for—"
lie hesitated and gave his moustache another twirl.
"A  woman,  of   course,"   said   Gloner.    "But  never
mind the particulars.    It is  a delicate subject, no doubt.
You left, and now prepare to return."
"Exactly. Your penetrating powers are most excel-
lent. I should like to go there, but not to work. No
doubt but what we could^ all get jobs in the interior of
Mississippi or Alabama, and there we will find the finest
weather you ever experienced, as well as the best wages—
in fact, we can get any price we are a mind to ask for our
work, and if we wouldn't make those old fogy bosses
open their eyes, 'twould be a wonder."
" No doubt but the winter would be pleasant enough,
but how about the summer?" asked Loring.
" You have experienced as hot weather in St. Louis as
you will find in Alabama," returned Margrave. "It is
only the duration of the heated term that renders the
summer in the south disagreeable; and if we find it too
much for us, why, it is an easy thing to emigrate north-
ward again."
"I believe the suggestion a good one," said Gloner,
slowly, " and I move we go South, for the rest of the
winter at least."
"And I second the motion," returned Margrave.
"There is no use in putting the question," said Loring,
"for you constitute a majority; therefore I shall  acqui-
esce, and now the sooner we put our plan in execution the
better.    I wonder what boats are up for New Orleans?"
Gloner rang the bell, and as  the waiter answered the
summons,   he  asked  for   the   morning's  " Republican."
"It is now four o'clock," he said, "and the river will  be
frozen so as to stop navigation by to-morrow night if this
weather continues."
"I can get ready in one hour's time," said Margrave.
"A carpet-bag contains all my tools, and a small valise
all my wardrobe."
"My wardrobe is a little more extensive," exclaimed
Loring, " but my tools I carry in one pocket of my over-
coat."
"Half-a-dozen boats up for four and five o'clock," said
Gloner, after glancing over the shipping column, "and a
' special' announces the departure of the Champion for
six, and a splendid boat it is. I know the captain well—
a good, clever fellow, and a king among steamboatmen.
We can get ready for her.    What do you both say ? "
" Let us go, by all means. Fill up, gentlemen !" ex-
claimed Margrave, rising, and seizing the bottle of ca-
tawba, he filled the glasses. " ' Here's to our enterprise,'
as somebody says in Richilieu."
The glasses were drained, the bill called for and paid,
and at the door they separated to meet on board the
Champion at six o'clock.
The steamer lay wheezing and puffing at the levee,
while all on board was hurry and confusion. Dray-load
alter dray-load of bacon, corn and groceries were stowed
away on her capacious decks, filling the telegraphic orders
from New Orleans and other inner towns, so as to have a
good stock on hand in anticipation of the closing of navi-
gation above Cairo.
Margrave was the first to arrive, for he prided himself
on being a minute man, but was joined in a few minutes
by Loring. Six o'clock arrived, the last bundle of freight
was put on board, the bell was ringing for the third time,
and only a single plank remained out, when Gloner made
his appearance with two ponderous trunks that made the
porters use rather strong language and stagger a little
withal as they toted them up the stairway.
" Was fearful you would not get here in time," ex-
claimed Margrave.
" Somehow I have the luck of arriving at the last min-
ute," returned Gloner, taking a seat by the stove that
glowed red hot in the social hall. " It has kept me busy,
however, to get here this soon, for I had to settle up with
the boss, pack my tools and wardrobe, beside, the most
unpleasant of all, bidding my landlady and a dozen or
two fellow-boarders good-by. None of them knew how
much they thought of me until I was going to leave."
"That's always the case," said Loring. "We do not
know how strong the ties of old associations are until we
sever them. But the engines tell us we are about leaving;
so let us brave the weather for a few minutes and see the
last of St. Louis."
Up and down the levee, as far as the eye could reach,
thousands of lights glistened through the frosty air, pre-
senting a scene at once picturesque and beautiful. The
steam bellowed from the escape pipes as the engines
turned the ponderous wheels a few times, apparently by
way of experiment, to see if they possessed the requisite
power, half-a-dozen clerks sprang ashore, the plank was
hauled in, the whistle sounded for the last time, and they
were off".
" So much for St. Louis, with its frosts and snows ;
now for the sunny South," exclaimed Margrave as they
returned to the stove.
Shortly afterward supper was announced. In the days
of which we write, before the railroad divided the travel
with steamboats, there was great rivalry between first-
class boats to see who could present the best bill of fare,
and the Champion was second to none in this respect!
It was, in truth, a most excellent supper that our friends
sat clown to, and most ample justice did they do it.
"By the-way, we have not decided on our points of
destination yet," said Margrave as he passed his cup to
the waiter to be refilled for the third time. " Is it best
for all of us to get off at one place, or shall we divide
out ? "
" I have thought the matter over," answered Gloner
and have come to this conclusion, which I will submit
for your consideration. It is self-evident that Margrave
here wants to stop at Memphis. Very well. Let Lorino-
stop at Vicksburg, while I go on to New Orleans Mont*
gomery, Alabama, shall be our central point. From
Memphis Margrave can strike out through North Missis
sippi, bearing  down toward Columbus, thence through
1869.
THE   NEW   YORK   COACH-MAKER'S   MAGAZINE.
Alabama by way of Eutaw, Greensboro' and Marion,
and if unsuccessful, go on to Montgomery. From Vicks-
burg Loring can pass out to Jackson, on to Brandon, De-
mopolis and Selma, thence by river to Montgomery. I
will go from New Orleans to Mobile, thence by steamer
up to the capital. As soon as one gets a job, let him
write to Montgomery, detailing the particulars, and if
either of the others can get a job there. If all are un-
successful, why, we will meet in Montgomery and- consult
together for future movements. What do you both say
to the plan 1"
"A most excellent one, and well digested in all its
parts," returned Margrave, who, as the reader has already
surmised, had a weakness for quotations.
" Then we will consider it settled," returned Gloner.
" Of course the reason why I desire to go to New Orleans
is on account of my heavy baggage, as transporting it by
water is decidedly cheaper than by stage routes. And
now I will go and hunt up the captain, when we will pay
our fare and receive state-rooms. The boat is not crowded
with passengers, fortunately, yet I have a choice in sleep-
ing apartments, even on steamboats."
The captain was soon found, Margrave and Loring
duly introduced, the fare paid and state-rooms secured,
when they begun the task of getting acquainted with their
fellow-passengers. As Gloner said, they were few in
number. First, there was an ex-judge from Illinois, going
to New Orleans with a couple of thousand bushels of
corn ; a young lawyer from New York going somewhere
to make his fortune; a cotton broker from New Orleans
going home; a cattle drover from Texas dressed in a
complete suit of buckskin, who, having sold out, was re-
turning to his boundless prairies; a medical student from
the interior of Alabama; an invalid in the last stages of
consumption going to Tampa Bay as the dernier resorle,
and some half dozen others travelling for business or
pleasure. The work of getting acquainted was easily
done, and very simple withal. A few visits to the bar,
the burning of a dozen or two of cigars, some three or
four games of euchre, and the work was accomplished.
The steamboat cabin on our western rivers is in truth one
of the most sociable places in the world. Every pas-
senger is as it were for a week or more a member of the
same family. They eat together, they pass their days,
and often the best part of the nights, together, so that
they are compelled to get acquainted and be sociable, no
matter how reserved they may be under other circum-
stances. A man's past history and antecedents is nothing.
All the rigid laws that govern society in the busy world
are here trampled under foot, and all are gentlemen
placed upon an equality. As our friends had all seen
much of the world, and were pretty fair talkers, they
were not slow to take advantage of these facts, and when
the time came to seek their respective state-rooms, they
were on the best of terms with all on board ; Margrave
in particular, who knew the. name of every passenger,
where they hailed from, where going, as well as their
business in going there.
The next day toward evening they reached Cairo, where
a few more thousand bushels of corn and a half dozen
men were added to the freight and passenger list, and
just at daybreak the next morning they started down the
river. The Champion was a first-class steamer and a
great favorite with the travelling public, as but few boats
running could excel her in speed, while the accommoda-
tions were in truth superb. A trip down the Mississippi
at the time of which we write was very different from the
same trip at the present time of air-line railroads. It
was, in fact, an event in one's life to be treasured up in
the store-house of memory and talked over in the years
to come. To two of our travellers it was such an event
in their history; and now as they proceeded southward,
and the weather became more pleasant, they passed most
of the day on deck. The scenery, to be sure, was rather
monotonous—a bold, bluff bank on one side, and a low,
level bottom, heavily timbered, on the other; but the
river itself was ever beautiful in its magnificent grandeur.
Every hour or so an ascending steamer or a slow descend-
ing one was passed, while the thriving towns at which
they stopped always presented something new and interest-
ing.
"This is a noble river," said Gloner as a party of the
passengers were standing on the hurricane deck just as
they were leaving- New Madrid, a town rendered famous
by the great earthquake of 1811. " A noble river, and it
is, I consider, the greatest boast of America, despite her
Lake Superior and her Niagara. Here we are a good
thousand miles from the ocean, and we might go up the
river seven hundred miles to St. Joseph—for I consider
the Missouri the main stream—and there meet a steamer
that had just descended fully fifteen hundred miles, mak-
ing continuous river navigation of over three thousand
miles. When a boy, the height of my ambition was to
see this river and sail on its broad bosom, and now my
early dream is about to be realized."
Just then a steam whistle sounded clear and shrill
above, and all eyes were turned in that direction, when a
steamer was seen rapidly approaching with its red and
blue lights swinging high aloft, and its glowing furnaces
reflecting far across the water, for it was now fairly dark.
"That's the Eclipse," exclaimed the Illinois judge,
" the fastest boat on the river. We left her at Cairo this
morning.    Now for a race."
"Race!" returned the Texan, who was known as
Governor. " Race ! " I don't like any race unless it is
a horse-race. It's dangerous, particularly on water, when
one takes into consideration the unpleasant fact that he
can't swim."
As the Eclipse did not stop at New Madrid, she was
almost alongside of the Champion when the latter got
fully under way, and by the way the engineer's bells kept
ringing,'it was self-evident that the Judge was correct,
and they were to have a race between two rival boats.
For a mile or so'they ran side by side, appearing like
some "huge monsters infernal" rushing forward to
scatter death and destruction about them. Then the
Champion gained slightly and shot half her length ahead,
whereupon our little crowd raised a shout not unlike that
which we have since heard upon battle-fields, and in which
even the Governor joined, at the same time taking off his
cap and bearing his venerable head to the cold night
breeze, exclaiming, " Hurra, boys ! Champion in deed as
well as in name."
But just then the furnace-doors of the Eclipse were
thrown open, and in the red glare of the glowing flames
you could see the black firemen, appearing like demons
as they bent, half naked, to the huge pile of resinous pine,
and cast piece after piece in the ravenous jaws before
them ; then the doors were closed, and the boat, seeming
to take inspiration from her illustrious namesake, gathered
THE   NEW   YORK    COACH-MAKER'S   MAGAZINE.
June,
new strength at the prospect of defeat, and she sprang
forward with a tremendous effort, gained slightly on her
rival, snorted the breath from her iron nostrils more
loudly than ever, and then slowly gained ground, ran
along side for a few minutes, when a bend in the river on
her side gave her the advantage and she shot by, while a
shout of triumph rose from her decks that made the old
wood on either side echo far and wide, whereupon all our
friends re-entered the cabin with a sigh of relief and re-
gret combined.
" Well, Governor," exclaimed Margrave, " even though
you are opposed to boat-racing, it seems you took some
interest in this one."
" My young friend," answered the Governor, very de-
liberately, " it is natural for every man to desire to excel
every rival he encounters in this life, no matter what the
undertaking; and 1 am human, so let us all go up and
take a drink," which was accordingly done.
It was a bright December morning when the Champion
rounded to and lay up beside the wharf boat at Memphis.
" I am sorry to leave you all," said Margrave, as, valise
in hand, he stood at the head of the gangway, "and I
almost envy you your trip down the river; but I must
bid you good-by."
"Good-by," returned Gloner. "Do not forget your
programme, nor let that daughter of Eve cause you to
tarry too long in this ancient city."
" What! " exclaimed the Governor, taking the proffered
hand, " are you going to leave us so soon, and is there a
woman in the case 1 and just as I began to take an
interest in you, too, for there is a similarity between us,
in taste at least, for you are independent of the prevailing
fashions of dress, and so am I—and a woman, hey 1
Here let me give you my parting advice, which I learned
from an aged Indian in my employ. Avoid women;
keep a good supply of money on hand; let to-morrow
take care of itself, and you may be happy."
" Your advice is excellent," answered Margrave, with a
laugh, " but decidedly hard to follow;" and he sprang
ashore, walked briskly up the levee, and was soon lost to
view in the crowded sidewalks of the busy city.
TREATISE   ON   THE   WOOD-WORK   OF   CAR-
RIAGES.*
INTRODUCTORY.
The wood-work in carriages forms one of the princi-
pal branches of the art of coach-making; it embraces
all the parts in wood that come under the names of body,
case, box, and seats of pleasure-carriages, and those par-
ticularly designed for the transportation of persons.
The principal aim we have in view in this work is to
teach the art of joinery in carriages in the manufacturing
of coaches, with the aid of principles in geometrical de-
scriptions such as have been established by Mouge. We
shall give, also, the usual dimensions of the principal
boxes, or bodies, and some ideas upon the forms the most
advantageous for the service they are intended. We
shall also mention the properties of the various natures
of woods employed in this manufacturing, the season
when it is best to cut them, the manner of measuring and
* This article has been translated from the French of M. Brice Thomas, expressly
for this Magazine, and will be continued until finished. The carriage-maker will
find in the perusal much instruction, to be had nowhere else in the English lan-
guage.—Ed.
storing them, of obtaining a prompt dessication and using
them,—the results of experience, which have been made
to determine their density, elasticity, and cohesion.
This treatise is not the first upon this subject; there
exists one very little known in coach-making circles, but
which, nevertheless, merits here special notice on account
of the care with which it was written. We refer to that
of Roubo, published at Paris near the year 1771, and
made part of a work upon joinery in general, in building,
carriages, cabinet-making, mosaic, and lattice-work. This
work of Roubo is still very much esteemed in our day in
all the branches upon which it treats. The theoretical
part is very well explained, not with that simplicity and
methodical clearness which we find in the actual works
inspired by the genius of Mouge, but with the means
known at that time by the most learned.
Roubo was a son of a builder-joiner, and the part of
his book treating on that branch of art shows that he was
familiar with it in all its parts. The part devoted to car-
riage joinery, also, leaves little to be desired; and if
Roubo had not confessed in his work that he knew prac-
tically nothing about it (only having received his informa-
tion from workmen familiar with it), one would have be-
lieved, from all the details and information accumulated
therein, that the author was, on the contrary, perfectly
familiar with it.
Rt»ubo commenced his treatise of joinery in carriages
by a precise history of the art of coach-making ; he gave
a summary description of the chariots, wagons, litters, or
sedans, in use among the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans.
Then, reaching the time of the Renaissance (new birth or
new age), from which dates the origin of the first car-
riages in France, he gives a very detailed description of
the coaches and carriages, and of their transformation
from Francis I. even to the end of the reign of Louis XIV.
Then he analyzed the carriages of his time, gave the gen-
eral dimensions of caisses (bodies), indicated a method
for determining their outline, and the operations which
conceal the construction of all the accessories and the
delineations of building. Finally, he ended his treatise
by a description of the various uses for which carriages
were utilized in his time.
Roubo, examining the process of execution of carriage
joinery by his contemporaries, pointed out their errors,
and substituted a better method, which was not practiced,
for in 1839, at Paris, they still repeated the errors this
author had so justly criticised.
To the theoretical knowledge that Roubo possessed in
a very great degree, that also was joined with a great ex-
perience. He foresaw the changes which, in the future,
would take place in carriages; and time has fully justified
his provision.
Fifty prints illustrate his book, and, not including all
the plans useful for demonstration, the principal carriages
in use since Henry IV., even to 1771, were designed and
drawn by him. These engravings are well executed, and
much superior to similar prints of carriages which were
published at the same time in the^ncyclopcedia, diction-
aries, and collections upon arts and sciences. Above all,
there was a great carriage diligence (coupe), a Berlin (one
seat), and a caleche (open carriage), which for arrange-
ment and proportions of lines are perfectly executed;
most of them are ornamented with all the richness of the
style of Louis XV.
Shall we believe that, notwithstanding his merit and
1869.
THE   NEW   YORK    COACH -MAKER'S   MAGAZINE.
the services that his book really ought to have rendered,
it was not then known in that branch of art. From all
the reliable information we have on that point, the first
copy of his book known in Paris was bought by Pellier,
senior, carriage-joiner, in 1842, seventy-one years after its
publication. Then several of the processes of execution
demonstrated therein had become known, they having
been taught by M. Gablot, in August, 1839.
It would be temerity, perhaps, to pass conjectures
upon the causes which prevented the work of Roubo to
penetrate into the literature of carriage-making, and,
above all, the joinery of carnages. Was it the high price
of the work (which ought to have been at least 150 francs
at the time of its publication), or the ignorance of work-
men at that time 1 It was, perhaps, one or the other. If
Roubo had published his treatise in installments, so that
the price of each had been approachable, it is evident that
his work had been better known, and would certainly have
contributed to the progress of the art of carrosserie (car-
riage-making).
In an historical point of view this work of Roubo's
will always be held as one of great merit; it gives us a
very detailed description of the construction of carriages
from the time of their origin in France to the time of his
publication. It subsequently tells us that the Parisian
carriage was very popular to the end of the reign of Louis
XV., and would evidently occupy the first rank in the
world.
In the meantime some English styles were appearing
among us, especially the coupes (which they then called
diligences), almost like our great city coupe (coupe de
ville). Roubo exhibited his astonishment and indignation.
See what he says on page 518 of his treatise :
"The caisses of carriages called English are after the
style of a Berlin and diligence, but oftener of the latter
than former. These carriages differ from those of the
French in that they have less enlargement of the shaft,
they are not arched at the sides, where they have only a
little widening and are less arched and less in height than
these last. These carriages have not the curtained win-
dow, not even a show of a bishop's staff, and the window
in front is divided in two parts, which slide independently
the one of the other, being divided by a post behind, in
which are placed double grooves.
" The English carriages are very fashionable at pres-
ent, and I do not know why, as they possess neither
beauty of form or grace, resembling rather a chest pierced
with several arrows than the box of a carriage ; but it
suffices that the invention comes to us from England, to
the end that all must have one, or desire to, as if some
law existed obliging us to be the servile imitators of a
rival nation, and which, although very respectable and
worthy our imitation, should never be imitated in works
of taste in general, and above in that of which I treat."
It is well to remark here, since that time the English
carriages have been distinguished by great simplicity of
construction.
(To be continued.)
SWEEPS FOR SCALE DRAFTING.—IV.
The sweep we give on this  page  is  the  fourth  in
the  series  intended to aid  the  mechanic, by furnishing
him with the proper instruments for drafting carriages
on a small scale. As some of our readers may not
have seen our former remarks, for such we will add that
in order to transfer the sweep to the veneer, it will be
necessary, first, to copy the outlines by tracing them care-
fully on a transparent piece of paper, this paper should
then be laid face side down, and the lines gone over again
with a pointed stick of hard wood. In this manner an
impression of the the outlines will be left on the veneer,
to guide the manipulator in cutting his sweep with a pen-
knife. The space at A should be entirely cut out. Finish
by filing the edges smooth, and a littie rounding, that
your pen or pencil may work freely when drawn along
the edge.
SWEEP FOB  SCALE DBAFTING.
THE   NEW   YORK   COACH-MAKER'S   MAGAZINE
June,
GEOMETRY  OF  CARRIAGE AR-
CHITECTURE.
BY A PRACTICAL COACH-MAKER.
BODY CONSTRUCTION.—PART THIR-
TY-FIRST.
The diagram, in this instance, refers to
the clarence, which appears on the first
plate in this volume. When placing the
diagram on the blackboard, always, in the
first instance, draw the center-line to serve
as the base for future operations, as mark-
ed in our plan. Having determined the
width of door and length of quarters, next
draw the perpendicular lines 7, 8, 9, and
10. In this drawing we have presented
the face side of the standing-pillar, G, so
as to exhibit the amount of the turn-under
of the body.
The dotted lines intersecting each other
and numbered from 1 to 9, exhibit what is
called the square rule of construction, a
knowledge of which is very essential in
building complicated jobs like this. When
putting these on the board, begin by setting
one leg of the compasses on numeral 1 of
the dotted lines at the standing-pillar, and
get the distance from the standing-pillar
(where it commences turning under) to the
dotted line correspondingly numbered on
the cant below. This distance is next
pricked off at that point and afterwards the
other numbers should be gone through
with in like manner, until the whole are
added as in our diagram. By this process
the sweeps of the bottom-sides and back
pillars A and B are determined.
What is called the cant is laid down on
the lower edge of the board. There A is
the bottom-side corresponding, lettered the
same as in the draft above ; B B, the back-
pillars ; D D, the front-pillar; E E, the
neck-rocker; F F, the compass front, which
should be spliced as shown in our diagram.
SCREW-DRIVERS AGAIN.
BY   JOHN   B. PEEK.
Mr. Editor : —My attention has been
directed to an article in your magazine for
the month of April, under the heading of
"Screw-drivers—Once More," by Body
Maker. Without entering upon an extend-
ed review of his denials—since he has ad-
duced no argument—I shall briefly notice
the points in his article. In the first place,
he says " there can be no distance between
the end of the handle and the line of the
screw, unless the screw-driver is inclined
out of the perpendicular." I will simply
ask him—Is there no distance from the end
of the handle to the point of the driver 1
My two-foot rule says there is; and be-
18G9.
THE    NEW    YORK    COACH-MAKER'S    MAGAZINE.
sides, is there no distance from Now York to Bridgeport
on a direct line to Boston 1 If lie cannot see, or
find, the distance in both cases, perhaps those architects
and scholars whose services he obtained on my former
article, may be able to elucidate the points and distances
in such a manner that he can comprehend what 1 mean
when I say " the distance between the end of the handle and
the line of direction of the screw acts as a lever."
"Body Maker" claims there is a misunderstanding
between, us. For my part, 1 think I have none ; but in
order to do away with it on his part, he resorts to a
forensic settlement, making the proposition contained in
your magazine of April as a basis of settlement in re-
gard to the questions at issue between him and myself.
1 accept those propositions, as far as concerns the matter
of each placing five dollars in your hands ; and also that
the editor of the Scientific American shall decide the case.
But as I am the challenged party, I claim the right by the
code, to choose place and weapons. I propose, then, that
'Body Maker and myself place in your hands three dollars
each additional, making sixteen dollars. If the decision
is in favor of Body Maker, the sixteen dollars is to pay
his subscription to your magazine and the Scientific Amer-
ican, each, two years. If the decision is not in his favor,
the sixteen dollars is to pay my subset iption to each pub-
lication for two years.
As I have stated the time and place, according to the
code, I will now name the weapons. Bi >dy Maker is to send
to your address (express charges paid) a hand screwdriver
such as he claims to use, the blade not to exceed eleven
-inches in length (or shorter should he deem proper), and
I will also send on the same conditions to your address, a
driver which I now use. The decision to be made prac-
tically from these two drivers, all marks of the owner
being expunged. Furthermore, he in whose favor the
decision is made shall have forwarded by express to his
address both screw-drivers. Dare Body Maker accept
these terms %    I have accepted his challenge !
In conclusion, he observes that there is one point
about the. screw-driver which has not been touched upon
in this discussion, also giving us an illustration of Aow the
point of the driver should be formed. According to his
theory, allow me to ask Body Maker how many different
sized screw-drivers he has in use to fit the neck of the
many different sized screws 1 He being fearful that the
decision by the editor of the Scientific American may be
against him, winds up by what he deems a witty derision
of elasticity, expecting much force from a dog power. I
think his plan can be adopted with a great saving on the
running expenses of the machinery, providing the dog is
heavy enough and the shaft not too elastic.
 Circle.
THE VELOCIPEDIST TO HIS MACHINE.
Speed on, my peerless swift-paced steed,
Show forth thy utmost powers of speed.
(Why will it wabble ?)
Fair damsels note thy bird-like flight,
And praise thy form compact and light.
(Jerked o'er the cobble.)
E'en fools who scoff the iron horse,
Admire thy arrow-darting course.
(I fear I'll fall!)
Thy wheels, like chariot of the sua,
Revolve as driven by Phaeton.
(I'm sure I shall.)
No eye can trace the speeding spokes,
Responsive to my trained foot's strokes.
(" Sprained " it should be.)
Like bloodhound bounding to the fray,
Swift as the eagle for the prey.
(The boys pas3 me.)
We skim along the wondering earth,
And distance steeds of vulgar birth.
(When they stand still.)
We rush through plodding, dusty streets,
The swarming, choking town retreats.
(I've had my fill.)
We gain the open, well kept road,
Sparks rim thy wheels with iron shod.
(I'm soaked in sweat.)
Firm poised, I feel I fear no trace,
The freshening breezes flush my face.
(My boots are ¦worn.)
My every nerve the motion thrills,
Aud happiness my bosom fills.
(My j>ants are torn.)
Past lake, o'er hill, through wood, down vale,
I skim like bark before the gale.
(I'm saddle-sore.)
My blood within my veins flow free,
I feel of spirit birth with thee.
(I'll ride no more.)
WINTER RAMBLINGS IN KENTUCKY.
BY PORTE   PENCIL.
Continued from page 184,, Vol. X.
The landlady, who was a strong and healthy woman,
commenced early and made a great stir to put things in
order. She instructed her boys to put on a back log, and
pile up heaps-of wood by the side of the fire-place; her
girls to have some cider drawn, butternuts brought down,
and plenty of doughnuts and cheese set by in the smoke
house, while she arrainged two stout barrels of apples in
the middle of the floor, and fixed the seats precisely as she
intended they should all sit. The party began to come in
at about dusk, and at seven o'clock, nearly twenty couples
of young men and girls had gathered in from the neighbor-
hood. It is impossible to describe the scene preparatory
to the " paring " operations, no one can imagine the char-
acter of the noise produced by the chattering of so many
voices, unless he has been in the neighborhood of an awak-
ened pigeon roost—I mean a roost of wild pigeons.
However, order was magically restored in a short time,
and it being settled who should be the " parers '•' and who
the " sorters " who the " quarterers " and who the " corers,"
they all fell to, and a large tub was shortly filled with
apples, nicely " cored and quartered." During this opera-
tion, however, there were sundry snappings of seeds and
twistings and twirlings of apple skins, which furnished no
less amusement to myself than glorious sport for the com-
pany. It is to be supposed that I received my full share
of apple seeds and apple skins, the company having be-
come wonderfully familiar with me for so short an
acquaintance.
* When the first tub was filled there was a respite, and
THE   NEW   YORK   COACH-MAKER'S   MAGAZINE.
June,
the thunderings, murmurings, screaming and screeching,
commenced again,—the cid^r circulated^ and as soon as
Dan the fiddler began to " tear out" a tune, there was
such a jumping, shuffling, kicking, spilling of apples, flying
of skins, and, " grand and lofty tumbling," as I never
before witnessed. It " got out," presently, that amongst
my other numerous accomplishments, I could play on a
fife ! Upon this, Dan transferred his violin to me, and
while he ran more than two miles, swifter than Crusoe
ever chased a goat, after a fife, I inspired the dance with
music on the former instrument. When Dan the violinist
arrived, I applied the shrill pipe by way of accompani-
ment. The effect was most wonderful. The whole com-
pany stood still, and gazed for a moment, then the soiree,
commenced again as though it had received a supernatural
kick—and indeed the hipsey-saw, the chasse, the crossover,
the down outside, the double shuffle, the single shuffle,
the waltz, gallopade, or " hip and hop," and the reel and
hornpipe, were mingled there with most surprising spirit,
congruity and taste.
Again, however, after circulating the cider and the
Rose Bud Bourbon, all returned to the task of apple par-
ing. But Dan and myself, by universal acclamation,
were appointed to entertain the company with some of
our " finest touches." Dans arm, however, soon became
fatigued, and as for myself, my breath could not have held
out much longer, for my instrument was an ancient one,
required a deal of wind and much watering, whereupon
Dan proposed that the eldest of the company should re-
late a story. It fell upon a small, sharp-nosed, rough-
hewn, long-haired man, of about sixty, who, it appeared,
had just happened in. Drawing his chair into the corner,
and thrusting his stick into the ashes he thus began :—
"There was once a rich miser, who, laying at the
point of death, made his will, wherein he provided, that as
he had always been fond of hickory nuts, the space unoc-
cupied in his coffin after his death should be filled with
them. His executor did as directed, and the old miser
and his hickory nuts were carried to the tomb.
" Now, at the old man's funeral, a youngster who had a
great liking for hickory nuts, and couldn't for the world,
see that so many in the coffin could be of any possible use
to the dead miser, resolved to get them, so he started one
dark night to procure, the nuts. Coming to the gate of
the burying ground he met a stranger, who asked him
where he was going? He replied, ' None of your busi-
ness.' Where are you going?—None of your business.
Thus at issue upon such equivocal answers, they suspected
each other of being engaged in like pursuits. Whereupon
the former frankly told the latter, that he was going to
get the hickory nuts in the old miser's coffin. ' Well,'
said the other, I am going to steal a sheep, and now, if
you are a mind, we'll engage to go snaks,—'Agreed,' re-
plied the former, ' and we'll meet on the steps of the
church.' They went each his own way; the youngster
succeeded in getting into the tomb, and opened the old
misers coffin. He took out nigh upon a basket of hickory
nuts and tied them up in the old man's shroud. On reach-
ing the church door he found that he was in advance of
his comrade, and pouring down his spoil he put on the
shroud and commenced cracking his hickory nuts. Pre-
sently as the clock was about to strike nine the sexton's
boy came to ring the bell. He knew of the circumstances
of the old miser's burial, and on seing a being in white sit-
ting on the steps of the church cracking hickory nuts, Be
fancied the old miser had ' riz? He was seized with such
a fit of affright that he dropped his lantern and ran home
as quick as his legs could carry him. ' O father ! father !'
cried the boy in consternation, ' the old miser's riz, and
there he sits on the meetin' house steps, cracking his
hickory nuts!' 'Go up fool, and ring the bell.' ''Tis
true as I'm alive—there he is, all in white !' ' Go up and
ring the bell, I tell you—don't be around here with your
nonsense.' The boy started again, and again he saw the
apparition, and ran home to his father's bedside full of
consternation. His father had been for a long time a
cripple and bedridden. ' ITis sartin as the world, father,'
again exclaimed the affrighted boy, ' and if you won't be-
lieve me, if you will get on my back, I will carry you
there, and show you to your satisfaction.' The old man's
curiosity was a little excited, and to gratify the boy he
consented. The boy accordingly started with the old
man on his back and a lantern in his hand. On approach-
ing the church the being in white became apparent. Pre-
sently the boy stopped with his burden in utter amaze-
ment. They heard the apparition asking in deep sepul-
chral tone, ' Is he fat ? Is he fat V Almost chilled with
terror the boy dropped his lather, exclaiming'Try him
yourself, for all I care!' and sped for home, and his crip-
pled father was not slow at his heels."
The old man's story, although I cannot convey the
manner and effect, produced wonderful effects and much
applause.
It being now about nine o'clock, and the task about
finished, we all partook of a plain and quiet feast of dough-
nuts and cheese, butternuts and apples, then came the
cider and " Rose Bub "—then Dan and I lay hold of our
instruments—then the floor was cleared and the dance be-
gan again. It will be sufficient to observe that the spirit
of the jig, the fandango and the rigadoon, were never more
inspiring, never more irresistible. Indeed, even so grave
and modest personages as Dan and myself were irresis-
tibly drawn into the giddy m. zes, and our feet and our
fingers, our bodies and our whole souls, were entirely en-
grossed in the remaining business of that evening. The
" paring bee " broke up at three o'clock.
The following morning I was aroused by the following
exclamation. The speaker was a Scotchman, employed
about the premises as a " hired man." An adequate
supply of skillful and reliable negro field and domestic
labor, is out of the question in this State, at least it is not
strange that the embarrassments of the farming commu-
nity and the discomfort of the domestic circle seek expres-
sion so often through the press and in social intercourse.
The evils are great beyond endurance almost, and a reme-
dy is sought by displacing this old negro element, by
white emigration. (I beg pardon for digressing.) " God's
sake, sir, the de'il to pay wi' us a' ! the cows tails are a'
tethered thegither in the barnyard!" "What1?" cried
the snoozy landlord, a short, " fat, oily looking man."
" Gang ye out wi' me and ye wad see sic sair witchcraft
hae been ganging the nicht. The pigs i' the garden—the
oxen o' the corn, and the deil take me, gin -the horses
heads arn't a' whar their tails should be;" the stalls. I
overheard some unconscious oaths that slipped through
the teeth of the old fellow, relative to " paring bees " and
barely had time to get up before I espied him riding at a
furious rate, with an ox goad in hand, in the direction of
the cornfield, although it was late in the season, he still
had some " lopped " corn standing out.    He routed the
1869.
THE   NEW   YORK    COACH -MAKER'S   MAGAZINE.
cattle away in that quarter, even before the Scotchman
could get into the field. He then put spur for the barn-
yard and dashed on with such vigorous speed that the
Scotchman afterwards declared, " the deil o' bit could he
keep sight o' him." Five cows were drawn together in
the center of the barnyard, and a line passing through
their noses would have formed the periphery of a circle
or rim of a wheel, of which their bodies were the radii
or spokes, and the extremity of their tails gathered into a
knot the center or hub. The landlord in the plentitude of
his zeal was about charging upon the captives, with the
fury of a second Hector before the walls of the Ajaxes.
But his charger bolted, unequal to the desperate onset,
and the old man thereby was thrown high upon his horse's
neck. The steed not relishing the manner of taking his
seat there, so suddenly reared that the man was thrown
back upon the crupper. Fancying this a species of imper-
tinence, the indignant horse kicked up so high and lustily,
that the hero was shot off in a tangent, and made a lodge-
ment upon the horns of one of the captive cows. She,
not savoring the ponderous burthen any more than Esop's
bullock did the gnat, gave him a toss to that other ex-
tremity by which she was joined in fellowship to her four
companions. Then he came to the earth with severe con-
tusions, and the cows, continually stepping about, and
backing in, trod upon his members, and exceedingly aggra-
vated the melancholy nature of his condition. But the
undaunted hero, with " passion still strong," raised himself
upon one elbow—then drawing from his pocket a barlow
knife, a " many-year'd " companion, he slyly reached up
his arm and severed the gordian knot! The glad quad-
rupeds, like wild birds freed from bondage, scampered off
in every direction, much to the disparagement of the barn-
yard fences. The landlord recovered, and fancying the
spirit of his horse I purchased the animal. It was then
that I obtained that high, dry shod, and independent situ-
ation, for which I have so strongly expressed my par-
tiality. I left the " Travelers' Home " the same day, and
shall long treasure its pleasing associations. In the
course of the afternoon I reached Owensboro. The coun-
try through which I passed was quite hilly and woody;
soil rather damp and cold ; timber, walnut, maple, gum
and poplar, the best I ever saw; my way was muddy,
wild, and sometimes without a semblance of a road. No
stages run north through this section of country.
(To be continued.)
§eit f UiiBtattiaits af
PULL   CLARENCE.
Illustrated on Plaie I.
On this plate we present the reader with an original
design, in which are represented the principal points of
novelty now found in vehicles of this class. Our artist
has so well performed his task in the side elevation that
very little explanation is needed to enable the builder to
go on and transfer it to the black-board. The details we
give below may aid the workman in the construction, and
are such as cannot well be represented in a drawing.
The width across the body, in the widest part, from
Vol. xi.—2.
outside to outside, should be about 54 inches ; across the
back, 43 inches ; measured across the two front pillars,
43tj- inches; circular front in the line of the door, 21
inches ; across the boot, 31 inches ; turn-under of the door
pillars about 5 inches ; back quarters at the belt-rail, 25
inches ; width of door, 25 inches ; and width of seat, 18
inches.
There are now so many colors used in painting, that it
appears like supererogation in us to attempt to give any-
thing of the kind. We may, however, add that generally
both the running gear and body are now painted brown,
with three lines stripe in deep orange color for the former.
For trimming use brown satin or Bismark. Price from
,700 to $2,000.
LIGHT   PHAETON.
Illustrated on Plate II.
This design represents a very stylish description of
carriage for the Central Park, or other uses required in a
family equipage. The construction is very simple, and
therefore need not be given in detail here. A cant suited
to this carriage will be found on page 150, Volume IX.,
of this magazine. Wheels, 3 feet 3 inches and 4 feet
high ; hubs, 4£ by 7 inches ; spokes, 1} inches ; rims, 1£
deep ; tires steel, ~g by 1 inch. Trimming should be a
dark blue cloth, or some color not easily affected by the
weather.    Price of the phaeton, $900 to $1,000.
BRACKET FRONT COAL-BOX BUGGY.
Illustrated on Plate III.
Our readers will, doubtless, be well pleased with this
design from " our own artist." The seat, it is true, has a
foreign look, but in this case serves a good purpose, mak-
ing the buggy appear much lighter than it otherwise
would, if paneled in the usual manner. The mouldings
are glued and nailed according to the white lines shown
on the side elevation. A groove ploughed on the under
side, over the rocker, with a round-faced plane, would im-
prove it very much, and make it show off more elegantly
when completed. The remarks made in relation to paint-
ing and trimming the " scroll coal-box buggy," on the
next plate, as well as the size of wheels and price for
building, will apply to this vehicle equally as well. Price
$450 to $475.
DOG-CART   PHAETON.
Illustrated on Plate III.
This dog-cart phaeton, with back seat to fold in, and
hung on four elliptical springs, is light enough for one
horse, but generally two are used. This vehicle is not
designed for hunting purposes, as might be inferred from
the name, but for pleasure. Wheels, 3 feet 4 inches and
3 feet 10 inches high ; hubs, 4 by 6^ inches ; spokes, 1£;
10
THE   NEW   YORK    COACH-MAKER'S   MAGAZINE.
June,
rims, 1^; tires, TSF by £ inch. Painting, black or carmine
for the body, and cream color, striped red and blue, for
the carriage part.    Price $450 to $500.
SCROLL   COAL-BOX  BUGGY.
Illustrated on Plate 1V.
We have no hesitancy in pronouncing this one of
the prettiest designs yet given to the readers of carriage-
building literature anywhere. The side elevation, if given
a little swell, would much improve the job, and show off
the scroll finishing to better advantage. The wheels in
this instance are 3 feet 11 inches and 4 feet high; hubs?
3f by 6J > spokes, 1 inch; rims, 1 inch; tire, r3g by £
inch.
Paint on body English patent black, carriage part lake
or Quaker green, finishing with a three-line stripe, formed
by drawing a three-eighth inch stripe, and afterwards a
red narrow one over it, in the center, when the first gets
dry enough.
The most popular trimming is now blue cloth, orna-
mented with stitched patent leather in place of lace. A
city made buggy of this kind costs $450 to $475.
COAL-BOX   ROAD   BUGGY.
Illustrated on Plate IV.
Our design represents a very fashionable kind of light
buggy for the road, which must meet the wants of the
public, and prove satisfactory to our patrons. The side
scrolling, of course, is done with moulding, nailed on and
glued to the panel. Wheels 4 feet and 4 feet 1 inch high ;
hubs, 3£ by 6 inches ; spokes, f inch ; rims, £ ; steel tire,
£ by f inch.    Price of buggy, $325.
 from \\t
IMPROVED BENDING IRONS.
Mr. Editor : Thinking I might interest the " Sons of
Vulcan " who read your interesting Magazine, I take this
opportunity for placing before them what I deem some-
thing new and useful, and have transferred to paper a set
of bending irons, which are the first I ever saw, although
they have been in use in our shop for some time.
A shows the hand bending lever. The upright in B is
forged solid with the arm C, at right angle. This arm C
should be swaged oval, for the purpose of keeping the
sliding iron D in its place, whenever it is set for either a
larger or smaller iron, or for long or short sweeps.    If
made in this way only one set of irons will be needed for
each forge, and these may be formed heavy enough for
bending the heaviest coach irons, while they will also an-
swer for the lightest skeleton buggy.
Son of a Son of Vulcan.
TRANSOM   STAY.
The transom stay is a decided improvement on the
wooden bed, for it not only looks much lighter when ap-
plied, but also raises the body higher without presenting
the clumsy appearance attendant upon the old way of
construction, with wood only.
In each diagram A shows the transom stay—the first a
bird's eye, and the second a vertical view—which can be
raised or lowered to suit the height of the front of the
body. In using this stay in place of wood, no furchells
are required, the front and back stays being bolted on
the fifth-wheel, as shown at B B.
DETERMINATE STRENGTH OF SPRINGS.
One great disadvantage under which carriage-makers
labor, is the want of a definite rule by which to regulate
the strength of springs for carrying a given weight.
Thus far this matter has been left very much to conjecture,
the result of which in many instances is, they are either
too light or too heavy for the uses intended, causing com-
plaints deep and loud from many customers, which, in all
instances, might be avoided.
In such a table the number and width of the steel, as
well as the length and number of the leaves employed,
should be given, opposite which the weight such a spring
will bear should be set. The weight of the body and
the passengers being known, we could doubtless more
readily accommodate our work with more suitable springs
than is now done in our guess-sort-of-a-way. If our read-
ers will give us some information on this subject, we shall
take pleasure in publishing it.
To Loosen Screws and Nuts.—When you find
screws and nuts have become fast from rust, pour on
them a little kerosene or coal oil, and wait a few moments
until they become soaked with the liquid. When this is
done they can be easily started, and the bolt saved.
1869.
THE   NEW   YORK    COACH-MAKER'S    MAGAZINE.
11
faint
ON THE SCIENCE OF COLOR.
BY   B.   N.   BENSON.
The results which I Live endeavored to deduce from
the study of the prismatic colors are fully confirmed by
all sorts of experiments made with the colors of pigments.
For instance, we may test the colors of pigments with
the prism in a beautifully simple way. We have merely
to cover a small part of a strip of white paper with the
pigment, and view it over a dark cavity through the
prism, and we see the spectrum of the pigment-color ad-
joining to that of the white, and detect at once the rays
which are absorbed or extinguished by the pigment, and
those which it sends to the eye. to which its color is due.
Thus, with respect to yellow, which many will still main-
tain, I suppose, to be a primary color, unconvinced by
the experiments on the combination of the prismatic rays
(which show that the best yellow is produced by throw-
ing together all from the first red to the last green ray);
if we analyze the color of aureolin, of chrome yellow, or
of king's yellow, or the petal of any bright yellow flower,
we uniformly find that the better and clearer the yellow,
the more perfectly the object reflects all the red and all
the green rays, absorbing only the blue. Hence, if blue
is a primary color, it is difficult to see how it can be sup-
posed that a color produced by all the other rays of the
spectrum is not made up of both the other primaries
combined, whatever those primaries are. Some strips of
paper, colored in parts with different pigments, will be
found on the table amongst the objects for prismatic ob-
servation.
Again, we may determine correctly all the intermediate
colors between any two given colors, and ascertain the ac-
curate mean between two given colors, without the slight-
est difficulty or possibility of error, by the beautiful
method which was first used by the celebrated Lambert
in the last century, and which I have, in my late treatise
on the science of color, endeavored to improve and apply
to this purpose. We have merely to hold a slip of clean
polished glass, perpendicularly, between spots of the
given colors, so as to see the near spot reflected from that
part of the glass through which we see the other spot.
If spots of white and black are placed opposite to each
on alternate sides of the given colors, the position of the
eye, in which half the light is reflected and half transmit-
ted, is readily found, and the result there observed must
be the mean of the colors. When the reflection is more
oblique, the reflected light will be in higher proportion
than the transmitted, and the contrary with a less oblique
reflection.
Those who suppose that they can get the colors inter-
mediate between the colors of two pigments by mixing
the pigments, should compare the results obtained by
that fallacious method with those obtained by this elegant
and easy experiment. Gamboge and Prussian blue, for
instance, make, by mixture or superposition, a green
darker than either the yellow or the blue of those pig-
ments; the scientific method gives, as their intermediate
color, a gray of mean brightness, in agreement with the
results obtained by our experiments on the combination
of the prismatic rays. So, also, it does with the colors
of king's yellow and cobalt, or lemon yellow and French
blue or ultramarine.
If we avail ourselves of the well-known property of
Iceland spar to give double images of two colored spots,
and arrange the spots so that one image of both shall fall
together, which is easily done, we obtain the same results.
And so, also, if we excite the sensation of the two colors
in rapid succession on the same part of the retina, as by
the well-known method of rotation. . But neither of these
methods is so convenient in practice as that of the slip of
glass; and I only mention them to show that, in whatever
way we can mingle two different color-sensations, we ob-
tain the same results. Small spots of the colors of ver-
milion, emerald green, and cobalt, of verdigris, rose mad-
der, and king's yellow, with the requisite appliances, have
been prepared for the purpose of illustrating these methods
of finding their means ; and any one who will examine
the matter will see that the latter three pigments are very
nearly complementary in hue with the former three; that
is, the means between vermilion and verdigris, between
emerald green and rose madder, and between cobalt and
king's yellow, are very nearly neutral grays. The results
of all our experiments with colors of pigments, therefore,
plainly agree with those of our former experiments on
the combination of the prismatic rays, and confirm the
opinion that red, green, and blue are the primary, and sea-
green, pink, and yellow, the secondary colors.
In perfect agreement with the facts I have stated about
the complementary colors, are all those apparent changes
of color which are perceived when the retina, having
been strongly excited by some one or other color, becomes
less sensible to it than usual, and every object to which
we direct the eye appears, therefore, more or less tinged
with the complementary color, as if a wash of that color
had been laid over it. For it is always found that in an
eye excited by red, by green, or by blue, objects appear
tinged with sea-green, with pink, or with yellow; and
the reverse ; and that by intermediate colors intermediate
effects are produced.
I am aware that some of these effects have been other-
wise described by several writers : it is usual, for instance,
to hear it said red tinges the adjoining colors with green;
but this is not correct, unless the one be a pink-red or
crimson, and the other a sea-green green. So, again, it is
usual to say that blue and orange mutually deepen each
other; but for this to be true, the blue must be of a sea-
green blue or azure hue, and the orange must be yellowish.
The most careful experiments, made by looking stead-
fastly at spots colored with those pigments which best
represent the principal compounds of the prismatic colors,
and brilliantly illuminated upon a black ground, and then
suddenly directing the eye to a perfectly neutral gray
ground, will always clearly show the gray surface
darkened and modified in hue in accordance with what I
have already pointed out as the real or natural comple-
mentaries. Thus, an eye affected with bright red or
scarlet, like that of vermilion, turns the gray into a gray-
ish sea-green of the hue of verdigris; one affected with
green, like that of emerald green, turns it a grayish pink,
of about the hue of rose madder; one affected with blue,
like that of cobalt, turns it into a grayish yellow, of the
hue of king's yellow, and the reverse. The same effects
are seen in the shadows cast by a sunbeam which has
12
THE    NEW   YORK    COACH-MAKER'S    MAGAZINE.
June,
passed through strongly-colored glass, upon a gray surface
otherwise illuminated by a neutral light, and in many
other ways, if due precautions are used. And no doubt
the peculiar improvement in depth, which is evident in
truly complementary colors when viewed in juxtaposition,
the eye glancing rapidly from one to the other of them,
arises from the same cause. It is evident, therefore, that
the eye itself is so constituted as to agree in this respect
with the deductions of science concerning the actual re-
lations of colors.
The attempt to reconcile these obvious ocular effects
with the common doctrine as to what colors are comple-
mentary to each other, has led some to regard the deep
prismatic blue, which Newton called indigo, as being
violet in hue, and the deep prismatic red as being an
orange red. It is a great incidental advantage in the
system I advocate, that it abides by the invariable colors
of the spectrum as the standard by which all the colors of
natural objects are easily tested; for if we depart from
these, we may widely alter the hues of our simple colors
one way or another, and be quite uncertain what is right,
having nothing but the general vague idea of redness,
blueness, &c, to guide us. The terms used to distinguish
colors are among the most indefinite in all languages ; and
the loose way in which they are applied, and the different
meanings attached to them by different authors, would
lead one to suppose that our color-sensations are so differ-
ent in different persons, and so variable in the same, that
they are more fanciful than real, and that no certainty is
attainable in them. Yet, in fact, if we except the com-
paratively few persons who are only capable of the sensa-
tions of yellow and blue, and those whose eyes are less
sensible than they should be to red, there is a wonderful
uniformity and certainty in the sensations excited by
light. Only let the rays which enter the eye be the same
in quality and quantity, and let the eye be in the same
normal condition, without any present or very recent
strong excitement, and we may rely upon the results
being the same.
(To be continued.)
PAINTING ON A ZINC GROUND.
The Hub, after copying our article in a former number
of this Magazine, under the above heading, adds the fol-
lowing on the subject:
Articles of zinc may be painted with a permanent
coat, by previous immersion in a bath of 100 parts of
water and 5 of sulphuric acid, which oxidizes and rough-
ens the surface. After a few minutes take out and expose
in the air to dry, and in two days brush over with spirits
of turpentine, then let dry and paint.
ROUGH STUFF.
Our cotemporary, The Hub, furnishes the following
receipt for mixing rough stuff:
20 lbs. English filling,
5 lbs. oil lead,
3 pints Japan gold size,
2 quarts American varnish,
¦£ pint boiled oil,
Mix with a little turpentine, and but a little is required
to give it proper consistency.
DIRECTIONS  IN USING WOOD-FILLING.
Put one coat on bodies, and two on carriage-parts....
To hasten the process, the excess left on the surface of the
wood, may be wiped off with a cloth. This may save
two or three days' drying.. . .To facilitate the spreading
on a cold day, warm just sufficient of the article for pre-
sent use—no more, lest in cooling, it gets- too thick for fur-
ther use. . . .The filling is not intended for open grained
timber, such as ash, &c, without a previous coating of
paint.
A   NEW   MODE   OF   FASTENING   CUSHIONS.
Mr. Editor : I send for insertion in your Magazine,
a new plan used for fastening cushions to the seat, and
superceding the old fashioned straps, with knob in front.
The plan presented prevents the cushion from moving
in any direction, and even checks the thief when taking
that which does not belong to him. This cushion can
only be loosened by those understanding the modus
operandi.
A A in Fig. 1 represent two one-inch check-loops
screwed to the seat bottom, two inches from the back side
and - six and a half from the ends. B B represents two
knobs, driven into the front of the seat, as in this instance,
or may if chosen, be driven on top, hidden by the cushion!
C C (Fig. 2) are two hard pieces of leather stitched upon
	D	
	bhE -Q-	
		
the inside, with the ends of the straps, D D, upon the out-
side of the cushion bottom. E E show two hard leather
checks, stitched fast upon the outside of the cushion,
through a piece of leather on the inside.
I hope I have been sufficiently explicit to make my-
self understood as regards the manner in which the straps
are secured to the cushions, and also as to how they are
fastened on the seat bottom. 1 will now proceed to fas-
ten the cushions. First, take the ends of the straps, D D
and pass them through the check-loops, A A, then pass the
ends through the leather checks, E E, draw the straps
through and button the ends on the knobs, B B. This
done the cushion will be secure.    Should the fall be made
1869.
THE   NEW    YORK    COACH-MAKER'S   MAGAZINE.
13
fast to the cushion, then insert a couple of india rubber
button-holes in the fall, buttoning the fall over the straps.
" You Know."
WHO FURNISHES THE POLE STRAPS?
A subscriber in California writes: " Will you please
inform us through your Magazine, which should furnish
the breast-straps, the carriage-maker who sells a buggy
and pole yoke, or the harness-maker who sells the same
man a set of harness; or what is the custom in the best
shops V1
The custom in New York, has always been—within
our recollection—to charge extra for the " pole straps,"
both among carriage and harness-makers. The straps are
not considered as part of the carriage. Sometimes we
have furnished the straps by a special agreement when
taking an order, not otherwise.
(fitter's
SPECIAL NOTICE TO OUR FRIENDS.
With the publication of this (June) number, we enter
upon our eleventh volume, under encouraging prospects.
We have not only the sympathy of the bosses, but like-
wise many of the journeymen; and hope to still further
deserve their support the coming year, by renewed labor
in making our work generally acceptable to all classes of
the trade. With this object in view we have engaged
extra assistance in the special departments, and trust
that our long experience and practical knowledge of the
wants of carriage-makers will secure for us ample reim-
bursement of the expenses now entailed upon us.
To still further enhance the usefulness of this work,
we are ready to receive proposals from literary men in
the trade, for such contributions as will be suitable to our
pages, for which, if accepted, we will pay a liberal price.
We are fully convinced that there is much latent tal-
ent among us, which only needs a little stirring up to
bring it to the light. Some of this, though unpolished,
may yet contain valuable ideas, which after a little re-
vision, may be sent abroad with great profit to our readers.
We hope, then, no one will' excuse himself with the decla-
ration that he cannot write, but go to work, and try what
can he done.
There are but few shops in which, if there is a little
exertion used, a club cannot easily be made up. By
clubbing, the subscription to this magazine is brought very
low. As an encouragement to extra exertion, we offer
any individual, who will send us two names with nine
dollars, chart number six, as a premium for his trouble ;
for three names with thirteen dollars, chart number seven,
just published. This we have described elsewhere. Send
all remittances by postal order, or draft on New York.
Country checks, which some are thoughtless enough to
mail, only entail on us express charges for collection, and
are not otherwise available. You had much better draw
the money and send it in a registered letter.
And now, hoping that all our old friends will continue
their patronage another year, as well as exert themselves
to induce their acquaintances to subscribe, we leave the
matter in the hands of the public, trusting to hear from
it at an early day.
TOURNEY AT THE GYMNACLIDIUM.
Another of the popular entertainments of the Pearsall
Brothers, with the velocipede, took place a few evenings
since, at the Apollo Buildings, Broadway and Twenty-eighth
Street, New York. The anouncement in the papers prom-
ised that an elaborate gold badge, costing $100, should
be awarded to the most graceful and expert rider, the
ladies present to decide by vote who should have it. This
notice had the effect of drawing together a very respect-
able audience of ladies and gentlemen, who judging from
the enthusiasm manifest on the occasion were highly de-
lighted with the performances.
The entertainment began—accompanied by music—
with the entrance into the arena of ten expert velociped-
ists, riding in line around the room, cutting circles, the
german role, and other manoeuvres extremely picturesque,
and decidedly pleasing to all present.
This was followed by the entrance of Miss Pearsall, a
sister of the proprietors, who having mounted one of the
" Peerless velocipedes" lately invented by B. S. Lawson,
of this city, accompanied by a brother, made a variety of
graceful circles around the room, to the no small satis-
faction of those present. This machine is admirably
adapted to ladies' use, and can be ridden in an ordinary
walking costume, without exposure of the foot and ankle
more than when on promenade. The rider on this machine
sits as comfortably as in a carriage, and manages the
machine very easily, the motion being controlled with
greater facility than ordinary velocipedes. This exercise
was succeeded by some expert movement—among them
turning in its length between two chairs—on the " Pearsall
snake velocipede by one of the Pearsall Brothers. As we
have already furnished an engraving of this machine in
our last volume, we shall not undertake to describe it
here.
Next came the game of tag, which requires much ex-
perience in order to succeed. Four machines entered into
this sport, some of the movements, the performance of which
14
THE    NEW    YORK    COACH-MAKER'S   MAGAZINE.
June,
furnished much amusement, cannot   be well described on
paper.
Thus far the programme was duly carried out, but
when it reached " the ten entries for the gold badge" it
was discovered that Mr. F. A. Carpenter, of the American
Velocipede Club, was on the lists, and since no knight
present was bold enough to tilt with him, this part had to
be omitted, and Mr. Carpenter who had already come
upon the floor was called off again. Considerable con-
versation followed to try and induce the defaulting mem-
bers to enter, but without success, cowardice prevailing
over gallantry. Mr. Carpenter having been awarded the
badge without competition, completed the riding singly,
in which he exhibited some remarkably dexterous, skillful,
and graceful manoeuvres. Up to this time, near ten o'clock,
the entertainment had been of the most exciting and
enjoyable nature, but this hiatus in the sport threw a
" wet blanket" over the whole affair, and left nothing more
for curiosity to feed upon.
THE VELOCIPEDE WAR.
Since our last report the velocipede contest has taken
a very interesting shape. Mr. Calvin Witty, who having
purchased the Lallement patent, threatening at the same
time to sue everybody who did not comply with his de-
mauds, has himself been sued for infringements on the
patent taken out by P. W. Mackenzie, of Jersey City
N. J., January 19th, 18G4, and since purchased by Stephen
W. Smith, of this city. Those, therefore, who have paid
Witty a royalty, will now run the risk of having to pay
over again to somebody else, and those who have taken
our advice and paid nobody, will at least have the satis-
faction of knowing—when this war ends—that they will
only have to pay once for each machine made.
We have not heard of any case where Witty has sued
those he threatened in his circulars. In view of this cir-
cumstance, Smith very properly inquires : "If Mr. Witty
has a patent he has any confidence in, why does he not
do what any sensible man owning a patent would do at
once, commence suits against the infringers;" and goes
on to say: " I hazard little in saying he will not do it.
At any rate, nothing would please me better than for him
to attack one of my licenses. Of the considerable num-
ber of responsible manufacturers of velocipedes whom I
have licensed, all but one held licenses from Mr. Witty,
and as, after searching investigation, they have since taken
licenses under me, it is an evidence of the opinion of
practical men as to the relative value of the patents."
Mr. Smith threatens to sue others who infringe on his
claims until they " learn he has some rights they are
bound to respect."
The position appears to  be this: Smith thinks his
patent on the " cantering horse," will cover every point
of importance in the by-cycle, and having a sufficient
stock of pluck and funds, he intends to fight it out on that
line, until his claim is admitted—providing he succeeds.
This, however, is a matter for a jury's decision, which it
will be well for our friends to await before parting with
their money. Probably, before the matter is settled in
the courts, the velocipede fever will be over, and the
plaything laid aside. If not, and business continues good,
the manufacturer will be in funds to settle the damage
without much trouble, and save the interest on a large
sum besides.
This whole thing has amused us not a little. As soon
as the velocipede had become " a fixed fact," generally
adopted, Mr. Witty, with visions of greenbacks in his
head, starts off for New Haven, to Lallement's assignee,
Carroll, and purchasing " all his right and title" to the
machine, comes out with a circular, demanding a royalty,
under penalty, from every maker of the by-cycle in the
country. For a short time the thing proved a mine of coin,
but all of a sudden, out comes Smith with his claim—hav-
ing lain low all the time—and stops the mining business
altogether, except as far as the lawyers are concerned, by
citing Witty before the courts to settle for his trespasses.
As if this was not a sufficient punishment for his offense,
the Hanlon Brothers, too, must follow Smith's suit,
with another on their part for still further infringements,
said to have been made by Witty on their patent. If
then, Witty's prospectising proves unsuccessful, finally,
who will pity him 1
GOOD  SENSE  OF THE  GERMAN WORKMEN.
The principles of co-operative industry which has ac-
complished so much good in Germany by elevating the
working classes in the social and political scale, is threat-
ened by a serious inovation, by the introduction of the
English system of strikes. Heretofore, German work-
men, guided by sound, economical principles, as a rule,
have never lent themselves to strikes, which war against
capital—their best friend. The co-operative system, as
established by Mr. Schultze Delitzch, the apostle of labor
reform in Germany, is based upon the correct assump-
tion that the only means of elevating the workmen in the
social and political scale is by increased industry and in-
creased economy of wages. Hence, a German workman
is never found standing idle for weeks and months in the
vain hope of improving his condition. He works for
whatever he can get, and shuns idleness as a calamity.
At the late convention of workingmen in Berlin, the
company of machinists introduced the question of resort-
ing to strikes as a weapon for the workmen against cap-
ital. M. Schultze Delitzch denounced strikes as a weapon
that would recoil on those who resort to this means of
improving their condition.    He showed that the plan of
1869.
THE   NEW    YORK    COACH-MAKER'S    MAGAZINE.
15
Mr. Spannenagle attempts a three mile
heat on a velocipede inside of
three minutes.
Encounter's unexpected difficulties.
The result.
workingmen saving money for the benefit of men on
strike, was a preparation for social war, in place of social
peace. Strikes, by suspending production, limited the
amount of commodities which men could receive for their
wages, and under the fallacy of high wages obliged them
to perform more work for fewer articles of necessity or
comfort.
These views sustained with great ability, were so favor-
ably received that the Workingmen's Congress refused
to have anything to do with the strike'system. Outside
of England strikes have not been popular with the work-
ingmen of Europe, and in England and America there are
indications of a sober second thought, which may soon
render them obsolete, and tend to the future welfare of
the working classes, and the bettering of their condition
in life.___________________
CHART NUMBER SEVEN.
We have just published a very fine new chart, which is
not only useful, but will be found highly ornamental in
the coach-maker's office. The price, single is $1. Where
numbers five, six and seven are all ordered together,
the price of the three—all of uniform size—sent by mail,
or sold at the office of publication, will be only two dol-
lars and twenty-five cents—over seventy-five designs of
vehicles for about three cents apiece !
The latest chart, number seven, contains twenty-four
designs, besides an expensive engraving of a " School of
Practice on the Velocipede," seven by nine inches, not
only useful, but amusing. On this chart are eight no-top
and seven top buggies, four Rockaways, one Victoria, and
one Phaeton, one Landau and several Velocipedes, the whole
making the most desirable and fashionable chart yet pub-
lished.    Please forward your orders for it, with the price.
COVERS AND BOUND VOLUMES.
We have a few Volumes Ten, bound in muslin, gilt, for
sale, price $6; when sent by mail, $6.40 ; and a small
stock of covers ready for binding, price 65 cents at the
office, or 75 cents when mailed pre-paid. We can yet
furnish a few sets of this magazine from the commence-
ment. Price for the ten volumes, cloth, gilt, $40. Sent
by express on receipt of price.
These volumes contain about 450 designs of carriages,
and over eight hundred inside engravings, added to which
there are many pages of letter press of practical matter,
much of which possesses a living interest, rendering them
invaluable as books of reference in the coach-maker's office.
Those who began their subscription in the middle of
the last volume, and wish to obtain the back numbers to
complete them, can, as advertised last month, get them if
wanted, for thirty-five cents each, if applied for at this
office in person or by mail.
LITERARY NOTICE.
The Hub is the expressive name of a lively little
monthly sheet, published by Messrs. Valentine & Co.,
the Boston varnish manufacturers, and devoted to the
interests of the carriage and car shops, as well as furnish-
ing a medium for the diffusion of information, relative to
the permanent wood-filling, now so generally popular with
the trade. The third number (May) is now before us,
which, besides containing a variety of useful matter, has
a working drawing of the "Saratoga Phaeton." Subscrip-
tions 50 cents a year. Our readers will do well to read
the advertisement of this firm in our advertising pages.
16
THE   NEW   YORK    COACH-MAKER'S   MAGAZINE.
June, 1869.
Hearse Plumes and Trimmings.—A. great drawback
among our friends in the country when building hearses
has been the difficulty of getting trimmings, &c. This
difficulty will now be overcome. Among our advertise-
ments the reader will find the card of Messrs. Shannon,
Miller & Crane, a reliable house, having a fine stock of
every requisite needed in that line. Any order addressed
to them will be filled promptly and faithfully.
CURRENT PRICES FOR CARRIAGE MATERIALS.
0orre0ted   monthly for   the new york  coach-maker's  magazene.
.New York, May 18, 1869.
Apron hooks and rings, per gross, $1.25 a $1.75
Axle-clips, according to length, per dozen, 50e. to  80c.
Axles, common (long stock), per ft,  8c.
Axles, plain taper,  1 in. and under, $5.50;  1J, $6.50;  H, $7.50;
1|, $9.50;   H, $10.50.
Do. Swelled taper, 1 in. and under, $7.00;  1J-, $7.50;  1£, $8.75;
If, $10.75; H, $13.00.
Do.  Half pat,., 1 in. $10; 1J, $11 ; 1J, $13; 11, $15.50; 1^, $18.50.
Do.   do.  Homogeneous steel,  fin., $11.00;  |, $11;  1,  $12.00;
long drafts,  $2.50 extra.
fW These are prices for first-class axles.    Inferior class sold from $1 to $3
less.
Bands, plated rim, 3 in., $1.75 ; 3 in., $2, larger sizes proportionate.
Do.   Mail patent, $3.00 a $5.00.
Do.   galvanized, 3£ in. and under, $1 ; larger, $1 a $2.
Bent poles, each $1.00 to $1.50.
Do. rims, extra hickory, $2.75 to $3.50.
Do. seat rails, 50c. each, or $5.50 per doz.
Do. shafts, $6 to $9 per bundle of 6 pairs.
Bolts, Philadelphia, list.    30 off.
Do.    T, per 100, $3 a $3.50.
Bows, per set, light, $1.00; heavy, $2.00.
Buckles, pergrs. £in.,$l , f, $1.12; £,$1.25;  §,$1 75; 1, $2.00.
Buckram, per yard, 18a 23c.
Burlap, per yard, 14 a 16c.
Buttons, japanned, per paper, 20c;  per large gross, $2.25.
Carriage-parts, buggy, carved, $4.50 a $6.
Carpets, Brussels, $1.75 a $2 ; velvet, $2.75 a$4; oil-cloth,45 a 70c.
Castings, malleable iron, per ft, 15c.
Chapman rubber, $2.50 a $3.00, doz. pr.
Clip-kingbolts, eacli, 40c, or $4.50 per dozen.
Cloths, body, $3.50 a $5; lining, $2.50 a $3.    (See Enameled.)
Cord, seaming, per ft, 35c.; netting, per yard, 8c.
Cotelines, per yard, $4 a $8.
Curtain frames, per dozen, $1.25 a $2.50.
Do.   rollers, each, $1.50.
Damask, German cotton, double width, per piece, $15 a $22.
Dashes, buggy, $1.75.
Door-haudles,  stiff. $1 a $3; coach drop, per pair, $3 a $4.
Drugget, felt, $1.75 a $2.
Enameled cloth, muslin, 5-4,40c. ; 6-4, 75c.
Enameled Drills, 48 in., 55c; 5-4, 50c.
Do.    Ducks, 50 in., 75c.; 6-4, 70c; 6-4, 80c.
O^" No quotations for other enameled goods.
Felloe plates, wrought, per lb., all sizes, 20c.
Felloes (Rims), $1.50 a $3.
Fifth-wheels, wrought, $1.50 a $2.00.
Fringes, festoon, per piece, $2; narrow, per yard, 18c
g^°* For a buggy-top two pieces are required, and sometimes three.
Do.        silk bullion, per yai-d, 50c. a $1.
Do.        worsted bullion, 4 in., 35c.
Do.        worsted carpet, per yard, 8c. a 15c.
Frogs, 50c. a $1 per pair.
Glue, per ft, 25c. a 30c
Hair, picked, per ft, 40c. to 65c.
Hubs, light, mortised, $1.20; unmortised, $1.   Coach, mortised, $2.
Japan, per gal., $2.
Knobs, English, $1.40 a $1.50 per gross.
Laces, broad, silk, per yard, 60 a $1.25 ; narrow, 10c. to 16c.
Do. broad, worsted, per yard, 40c. a 60c.
Lamps, coach, $10 a $30 per pair.
Lazy backs, $9 per doz.
Leather, collar, 28c; railing do. 26c.; soft dash, No. 1,15c. a 16c.;
do., No. 2, 14c; split do., 15c. a 17c.; No. 1, top, 27c; enam-
eled top, No. 1, 27c, do., No. 2, 25c ; enameled trimming, 25c.;
harness, per lb., 50c.; flap, per foot, 25c
Moss, per bale, 8c a 15c.
Mouldings,   plated,  per foot,   £ in.   14c; §, 16c. a 20c; i, lead,
door, per piece, 40c
Nails, lining, silver, per paper, 7c; ivory, per gros9, 50c.
Name-plates.    (See Advertisement.)
Oils, boiled, per gal., $1.25.
Paints.    White lead, extra, $14.00, pure, $15.00 per 100 lbs.; Eng.
pat. black, 30c
Permanent wood-filling, $6 per gallon.
Poles, $1.25 a $2 each,
Pole-crabs, silver, $5 a $12; tips, $1.25 a $1.50.
Pole-eyes, (S) No. 1, $2.25;   No.  2, $2.40;   No. 3, $2.65 ;   No. 4,
$4.50 per pr.
Sand paper, per ream, under Nos. 2£ and under, $4.50.
Screws, gimlet, manufacturer's 30 per cent, off printed lists.
Do.   ivory headed, per dozen, 50e. per gross, $5.50.
Scrims (for canvassing), 16c a 22c.
Seats (carriage) $2 a $2.75 each.
S^at-rails, 75c. per doz.
Seat-risers, Linton's Patent, $2 per pair.
Seats, buggy, pieced rails, $1.75 ; solid rails, $2.50.
Shafts, $12 to $18 per doz.
Shaft-jacks (M. S. & S.'s), No. 1, $2.40; 2, $2.60; 3, $3.00.
Shaft-jacks, common, $1 a $1.35 per pair.
Do. tips, extra plated, per pair, 25c. a 50c
Silk, curtain, per yard, $2 a $3.50.
Slat-irons, wrought, 4 how, 75c a 90c ; 5 bow, $1.00 per set.
Slides, ivory, white and  black, per doz., $12;  bone, per doz., $1.50
a $2.25;  No. 18, $2.75 per doz.
Speaking tubes, each, $10.
Spindles, seat, per 100, $1.50 a $2.50.
Spring-bars, carved, per pair, $1.75.
Springs,  black,   16c;   bright,   18c;    English   (tempered),   21c;
Swedes (tempered), 26c.;  1^ in., lc per ft. extra.
If under 34 in., 2c. per lb. additional.
%W Two springs for a buggy weigh about '28 lbs.    If both 4 plate, 34 to 40 lbs.
Spokes (Best Elizabethport), buggy,   |, ] and If in. 9£c. each;   1-J-
and H in. 9c each;   l| in. 10c. each.      10 off cash.
5^~ For extra hickory the charges are 10c. a 12^c. each.
Steel, Farist Steel Co.'s Homogeneous Tire (net prices);   1x3-16,
and 1 x 1-4, 20 cts.; 7-8 x 1-8 and 7-8 x 3-16, 23 cts.; 3-4 x 1-8,'
25 cts.;  3-4 x 1-16, 28 cts.
Steel Tire—best Bessemer—net prices:  1-4 x 1 1-8, 15c.;    1-4 x 1,
15c;   3-16x1 1-8, 16c;   3-16 x 1,   16c;   3-16 x 7-8   17c ¦
3-16 x 3-4, 17; 1-8 x 7-8, 20; 1-8 x 34; 1-16 x. 3-4, 23.
Stump-joints, per dozen, $1.40 a $2.
Tacks, 7c. and upwards.
Tassels, holder, per  pair, $1  a $2;   inside, per dozen, $5 a $12:
acorn trigger, per dozen, $2.25.
Thread, linen, No. 25, $1.75; 80, $1.85; 35, $1.80.
Do. st.itching, No. 10, $1.00;  3, $1.20;  12, $1.35, gold.
Do. Marshall's Machine, 432, $3.25;  532, $3.75;   632, $4, gold.
Top-props, Thos. Pat, wrought, per set 80c ; capped complete, $1.50.
^ Do. common, per set, 40c. Do. close-plated nuts and rivets, 75a80c.
Tufts, common flat, worsted, per gross, 15c.
Do. heavy black corded, worsted, per gross, $1.
Do- ,      do-            do.     silk, per gross, $2.c    Do. ball, $1.
Turned collars, $1.25 a $3 per doz.
Turpentine, pr gl, 60o
Twine, tufting, pr ball, 50c;  per ft, 85 a $1.
Varnishes (Amer.), crown coach-body, $5.00; nonpareil, $5.25.
Do.    English, $(j.25 in gold, or equivalent in curreucy.
Webbing, per piece, 65c ; per gross of 4 pieces, $2.40.
Wheels, $12 to 22.
Whiffle-trees, coach, turned, each, 50c. ; per dozen,$4.50.
Whiffle-tree spring hooks, $4.50 per doz.
Whip-sockets, flexible rubber, $4.50 a $6 per dozen ;  hard rubber
$9 to  $10  per doz. ;   leather imitation English, $5 per  doz'
common American, $3.50 a $4 per doz.
Window lifter plates, per dozen, $1.50.
Yokes, pole, 50c.;   per doz, $5.50.
Yoke-tips, ext. plated, $1.50 pair.